EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things is an open access, peer-reviewed scholarly journal focused on all areas related to the technologies and application fields related to Internet of Things. The journal publishes research articles, review articles, commentaries, editorials, technical articles, and short communications with a quarterly frequency. Authors are not charged for article submission and processing.

Editor(s)-in-Chief: Der Jiunn Deng and Shancang Li

Aims & Scope
Indexing
Editors in Chief
Editorial Board
Special Issues

The aim of the EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things (TIoT) is to provide an ideal environment for crystallising original results and achievements in the Internet of Things domain. TIoT scope encompasses all areas related to the technologies and application fields related to IoT. In particular, original and outstanding results related to the research, development and implementation aspects of any technological, economical and sociological field that bears a significant relationship and impact on IoT.

While pursuing a rigorous scientific approach, TIoT will provide a voice to different communities, and will foster synergies between different fields. Computer Science disciplines closely related to IoT, such as Modelling, Networking, Embedded Devices and Security, will integrate novel results with Governance, Economical and Social studies in order to provide a clear and unifying vision for the upcoming IoT.

We invite submissions that present significant results in theoretical and experimental analysis and evaluation of technologies with specific areas including, but not limited to, networking for constrained devices, business models and applications, modelling, architectures and system design for smart objects, cooperative data processing for IoT, social impact of novel IoT technologies, security for embedded devices, semantic and behavioural aspects of interconnected devices.

The scope of the Transactions encompasses latest advances in the growing field of the Internet of Things (IoT), with the topics of interest being:

Technologies & Protocols: sensors, energy harvesters, RFID, machine-type communications, medium access protocols, radio resource management, industrial control, real-time systems, embedded software design.
Architectures & Services: cloud-based platforms, big data processing engines, security, privacy, device management, CPS/SCADA platforms, innovative/open service architectures, data mining, service middleware, semantic service management.
Applications & Use Cases: smart cities, smart buildings, smart traffic, industrial internet of things, smart metering, smart agriculture, etc.
Standardisation Landscape: IEEE, IETF, 3GPP, ETSI, and various alliances.
Experimentation & Prototypes: real-world deployments at scale, industrial deployments, experiences with prototypes (including what didn’t work), etc.

Call for Papers: Special issue on: Artificial Intelligence for Internet of Things (Manuscript submission deadline: 2021-10-15; Notification of acceptance: 2021-12-30; Submission of final revised paper: 2022-01-15; Publication of special issue (tentative): 2022-03-30)

Lead Guest Editor: El Habib Ben Lahmar (Faculty of Sciences Ben M’sick Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco) Guest Editor: Fatima Zahra Fagroud (Faculty of Sciences Ben M’sick Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco) Guest Editor: Hicham Toumi (Faculty of Sciences Ben M’sick Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco)

Antonella Molinaro (University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy)
Atta Quddus (University of Surrey, UK)
Carla-Fabiana Chiasserini (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
Joachim Sachs (Ericsson, Sweden)
Kan Zheng (BUPT, China)
Liljana Gavrilovska (University Sts. Cyril and Methodius, Macedonia)
Maria Rita Palattella (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg)
Rose Qingyang Hu (Utah State University, USA)
Xuan Liu (Future Network Research Center, Southeast University, China)
Chien-Liang Chen (Overseas Chinese University, Taichung, Taiwan)
Yu-Liang Liu (Overseas Chinese University, Taiwan)
Thomas Watteyne (INRIA, France; Linear Technologies, USA)
Pietro Manzoni (Universitat Politècnica de València)
Ahmet Çağdaş Seçkin (Uşak University, Turkey)
Xavi Vilajosana (UOC, Spain; Worldsensing, Spain)
Qindong Sun (Xi’an University of Technology, China)
Ripon Patgiri (National Institute of Technology Silchar, India)
Shanshan Zhao (University of the West England, UK)
Kamran Ali (Beijing university of Posts & Telecommunications, China)

Der Jiunn Deng¹

Der-Jiunn Deng received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the National Taiwan University in 2005. He joined the National Changhua University of Education as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering in August 2005 and then became a Distinguished Professor in August 2016. In August 2018, he was seconded to Overseas Chinese University as the Dean of Research and Development for a period of one year, and then he was seconded to the Department of Industrial Technology, Ministry of Economic Affairs, as the Advisor for a period of two year. Dr. Deng is an EAI fellow and has received a number of research awards, such as the Research Excellency Award of National Changhua University of Education, the Outstanding Faculty Research Award of National Changhua University of Education, the ICS 2014 Best Paper award, the NCS 2017 Best Paper Award, and the Chinacom 2017 Best Paper Award. Dr. Deng is the Co-Editor-in-Chief of EAI Endorsed Transactions on IoT and Journal of Computers. He serves as an associate editor in IEEE Network Magazine and International Journal of Communication Systems. He also served or is serving on several program chairs, symposium chairs, and technical program committees for IEEE, EAI and other international conferences. His research interests include multimedia communication, quality-of-service, and wireless local network.

Shancang Li²

Dr Shancang Li received his PhD degrees from Xi’an Jiaotong University in 2008. He is currently with Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology at UWE Bristol, UK. He is a fellow of higher education academy (HEA), a Senior Member of IEEE, and a member of IEEE IoT Special Interest Group. His research focuses on the Internet of things (IoT), including IoT architecture, security, IoT applications, and industry IoT. In addition, he has been investigating and developing algorithms and protocols for IoT security and privacy preservation, lightweight security, digital forensics, and information security. His research findings have been applied to IoT, sensor network, and smart grid. In the past few years, he has organised more than 10 special issues on IEEE Transactions on Social Computation Systems, IEEE Access. He serves as an associate editors and Journal of Industrial Information Integration.

1: National Changhua University of Education, Taiwan
2: University of the West of England - UWE Bristol, UK

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Hybrid Machine Learning Techniques to detect Real Time Human Activity using UCI Dataset
Appears in:
IoT 18: e1

Authors:
Muhammad Arshad, Fawwad Hassan Jaskani, Muhammad Ayub Sabri, Fatima Ashraf, Muhammad Farhan, Maria Sadiq, Hammad Raza

Published:
26th May 2021

Abstract:
The cell phone is assuming a crucial job in present day life. It offers types of assistance and applications, for example, location tracking, medical applications, and human activity examination. All android smartphones have motion sensors i.e. Accelerometer, gyroscope, in order to detect motion of…The cell phone is assuming a crucial job in present day life. It offers types of assistance and applications, for example, location tracking, medical applications, and human activity examination. All android smartphones have motion sensors i.e. Accelerometer, gyroscope, in order to detect motion of a user in a very precise way. In early conditions, committed sensors were utilized for activity acknowledgment. Different techniques are developed for distinguishing normal or human activities scenes in the crowd by processing the video or an image. A novel KNN-SVM human activity detection method is proposed to detect human activities in the UCI dataset for complex multi-process physical activities. Model trained with machine learning algorithms to capture the temporal dependency, normal sequences with high dimension is uniformly utilized to train the model to discriminate each activity. In the classification process, 2 different efficient classifiers are applied to identify the types of human activities in the UCI dataset. Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbour are applied in the proposed method for the classification. The efficiency of each classifiers is about 85% to 87%. The classification efficiency is comparable with existing literature after applying the majority decision in these classification techniques.
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Reactive Power Control for Wind Turbine using Exact Linearization Feedback
Appears in:
IoT 21(25): e5

Authors:
Hicham El azri, Tamou Nasser, Ahmed Essadki

Published:
14th Apr 2021

Abstract:
The quality of service and the respect of contractual characteristics of the voltage is a major issue of the transmission system operator. In this context, the code requires that the wind turbine system participate in the regulation of the voltage. Any variation in voltage must be…The quality of service and the respect of contractual characteristics of the voltage is a major issue of the transmission system operator. In this context, the code requires that the wind turbine system participate in the regulation of the voltage. Any variation in voltage must be compensated by producing or absorbing reactive power. This article studies the modelling and control strategies of a wind energy conversion system based on a doubly fed induction generator. It presents a linear quadratic regulator with integrator (LQI) and an exact linearization feedback (ELF) controller for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). In the ELF technique, the nonlinear model of DFIG is linearized and the reference of active and reactive powers values are calculated by using reactive power management algorithm.The simulation results show that the decoupling control strategy for DFIG is satisfactory and the predefined operating conditions are respected.
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Improving Memory Exploitation in M-health Applications through Context-Aware System
Appears in:
IoT 21(25): e4

Authors:
Siham Belhadi, Rachid Merzougui

Published:
7th Apr 2021

Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: The mobile application requires some information about its environment in order to the adaptation of its behaviour according to this information in a transparent manner. However, such a task usually needs the resource consumption of mobile devices. OBJECTIVES: the…INTRODUCTION: The mobile application requires some information about its environment in order to the adaptation of its behaviour according to this information in a transparent manner. However, such a task usually needs the resource consumption of mobile devices.

OBJECTIVES: the main goal of this work was the design of the context aware infrastructure for the healthcare applications embedded on mobile devices. This last aims to the integration of the context awareness into the execution environment and providing a adequate methodology of the generic context manager, with the maintenance of low level the resource consumption.

METHODS: This collected the context information (medical data) thanks to the component (Context Element Monitor). When the components set acquire values of different elements context which belong the same class, these components run in the same time. it is mean the execution of its in a group way. From the state of monitors (ACTIVE or DISABLED), our system creates the new context situation. The mobile application is structurally an assembly of services. The adaptation methodology revolves around the execution manager of services according to the new created context situation. This approach ensures the best use of resources depending on the characterization of context and reduces the amount of contextual information in the adaptation processes.

RESULTS: We evaluated a memory space in three cases, since it is the most resource that is affected in the field of the mobile health (mobile patient monitoring application). For this, we estimated the consumed memory at two levels: the first is the management module "Context Manager" and the second level considers the adaptation procedure. In the Context Manager, the first and the third case were the exploited memory space was almost identical, Knowing that its consumption is varied between 1556 and 2026 KB. But in the second case, it increased and become varying between 2424 and 6848 KB. the other hand, in the adaptation mechanism, it is necessary a huge space of a memory for managing services more than 40000 kb.

CONCLUSION: Our own approach of context manager and adaptation can open the new way in the m-health applications development. This allows these applications that can exploit the great quantity and the different type of a medical data with the best use of the memory space.
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Analysis of the Distributed Queueing Algorithm in a Multichannel Network with Mixed-Type Traffic
Appears in:
IoT 21(25): e3

Authors:
Romeo Nibitanga, Elijah Mwangi, Edward Ndung’u

Published:
7th Apr 2021

Abstract:
Networks such as LTE-M, NB-IoT, LoRa and SigFox are being deployed for massive IoT communications. However, the Aloha protocols used for the media access are inefficient when the network size is high. As a result, a Distributed Queuing (DQ) algorithm is being proposed to replace the conventional ac…Networks such as LTE-M, NB-IoT, LoRa and SigFox are being deployed for massive IoT communications. However, the Aloha protocols used for the media access are inefficient when the network size is high. As a result, a Distributed Queuing (DQ) algorithm is being proposed to replace the conventional access schemes because of its superior network performance. In this paper, we study the algorithm with no prior consideration of any underlying technology at the physical layer. We perform a steady-state analysis of the algorithm in a network where the traffic is composed of periodic and urgent packets. It was found that for high traffic from the network all the nodes were taking part in each contention. Nevertheless, for better performance in terms of access delay and packet drop rate, it was preferable to operate the algorithm in the small traffic interval. Moreover, the downlink traffic has been observed to have a significant impact on the stability of the algorithm.
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Efficient, Flexible and Secure Group Key Management Protocol for Dynamic IoT Settings
Appears in:
IoT 21(25): e2

Authors:
Adhirath Kabra, Sumit Kumar, Gaurav S. Kasbekar

Published:
3rd Mar 2021

Abstract:
For many Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios, group communication in the form of multicasting and broadcasting has proven to be effective. Classical Group Key Management (GKM) schemes perform inefficiently in dynamic IoT environments, wherein nodes frequently leave or join …For many Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios, group communication in the form of multicasting and broadcasting has proven to be effective. Classical Group Key Management (GKM) schemes perform inefficiently in dynamic IoT environments, wherein nodes frequently leave or join a network or migrate from one group to another. In this paper, we present a highly efficient and secure GKM protocol for dynamic IoT settings, which maintains forward and backward secrecy at all times and is completely resistant to collusion attacks. Also, our protocol is highly flexible and can handle several new scenarios in which device or user dynamics may take place, e.g., allowing a device group to join or leave the network or creation or dissolution of a user group, which are not handled by schemes proposed in prior work. We evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol via extensive mathematical analysis and numerical computations.
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IoT Short-range Network protocols: Analytical study and operating models
Appears in:
IoT 21(25): e1

Authors:
Sakina Elhadi, Abdelaziz Marzak, Nawal Sael

Published:
16th Feb 2021

Abstract:
Internet of Things (IoT) is a constantly evolving concept. Nonetheless, we can consider that the Internet of Things broadly refers to the trend towards generalized interconnection of all the objects that surround our daily lives, places and physical environments. Among the success keys of Iot…Internet of Things (IoT) is a constantly evolving concept. Nonetheless, we can consider that the Internet of Things broadly refers to the trend towards generalized interconnection of all the objects that surround our daily lives, places and physical environments. Among the success keys of Iot there are protocols. However, the lack of a single connectivity protocol causes a lack of interoperability between IoT devices and applications. In this article, we present a detailed comparative study of the Short-range network protocols. Then, we will present the operating models of these protocols. There models facilitates the in-depth understanding of how network protocols work. Subsequently, from our comparative study already established and these proposed models we determine the priority of the criteria of these protocols. Using the projection of these criteria on the proposed operating models. This will help to choose the adaptable protocol for a type of IoT applications.
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Improvised multi-robot cooperation strategy for hunting a dynamic target
Appears in:
IoT 21(24): e5

Authors:
Oussama Hamed, Mohamed Hamlich

Published:
8th Feb 2021

Abstract:
Hunting moving targets with random motions and behavior is a challenge for robotic systems, and it occupies a significant position in the research on coordination and cooperation in multi-robot systems. Cooperative hunting between robots is used in a wide range of fields such as ind…Hunting moving targets with random motions and behavior is a challenge for robotic systems, and it occupies a significant position in the research on coordination and cooperation in multi-robot systems. Cooperative hunting between robots is used in a wide range of fields such as industry, military, rescue and other fields. The aim of this paper is to present a new strategy for target hunting by means of a cooperative multi-robot system in two-dimensional space, especially moving targets with random and unexpected behavior. The strategy is inspired from the behavior of wolves in hunting and Wolf Swarm Algorithm, as it summarizes the roles of robots in the system in three roles: the leader wolf, the antagonist wolf, and the follower wolf. This diversity of roles contributed to improve the convergence performance of the algorithm and reduce significantly the pursuit time. The validity of this strategy is supported by computer simulations.
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Improved JPEG image watermarking in data compression domain using block selection strategy
Appears in:
IoT 21(24): e4

Authors:
M. Zairi, T. Boujiha, A. Ouelli

Published:
8th Feb 2021

Abstract:
Nowadays, the joint photographic experts group (JPEG) is still the most dominant format among various digital image formats used in our daily life. Therefore, watermarking JPEG images is important and useful for many applications such as archive management and image authenticatio…Nowadays, the joint photographic experts group (JPEG) is still the most dominant format among various digital image formats used in our daily life. Therefore, watermarking JPEG images is important and useful for many applications such as archive management and image authentication. Along with the embedding capacity and visual quality that must be considered for uncompressed images, the storage size of the watermarked JPEG image should be also considered. In this paper, based on the philosophy behind the JPEG encoder and the statistical properties of discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients, we propose a new JPEG image watermarking in the data compression domain, in which only coefficients with values 1 and -1 are expanded to carry message bits, coefficients with values 2 and -2 are shifted, and all the others coefficients remain unchanged. Moreover, a block selection strategy based on the number of 1 and -1 coefficients in each 8×8 block is proposed, which can be utilized to adaptively choose DCT coefficients for data embedding. Experimental results demonstrate that by using the proposed method, we can easily realize high embedding capacity and good visual quality. Furthermore, the storage size increase for the watermarked JPEG image is well lessened.
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A Comparative Study of the Implementation of SJF and SRT Algorithms on the GPU Processor Using CUDA
Appears in:
IoT 21(24): e3

Authors:
Youness Rtal, Abdelkader Hadjoudja

Published:
8th Feb 2021

Abstract:
GPU (Graphical Processing Units) have become in a few years very powerful tools for parallel computing. They are currently used in several fields such as image processing, bioinformatics, medical applications and numerical computation...etc. Their advantages are faster processing and lower power co…GPU (Graphical Processing Units) have become in a few years very powerful tools for parallel computing. They are currently used in several fields such as image processing, bioinformatics, medical applications and numerical computation...etc. Their advantages are faster processing and lower power consumption compared to CPU power. It is simple to program a GPU processor using the CUDA C language to perform tasks that are typically computed in parallel. But you need to understand the different architectural aspects of the GPU. In this paper, we will define and implement the two operating system algorithms the SJF (Shortest Job First) algorithm and the SRT (Shortest Remaining Time) algorithm in a single-wire CPU environment using the C language, and then the same algorithms will be implemented on the GPU using the CUDA C language, in order to compare the different performances of the implementation of the two algorithms on GPU and CPU processors and to verify the efficiency of this study.
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Efficient Resource Allocation Design for Mitigating Multi-Jammer in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network
Appears in:
IoT 21(24): e2

Authors:
Sheetal Bagali, R. Sundaraguru

Published:
8th Feb 2021

Abstract:
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are used for monitoring costal area and military surveillance applications, for example tsunami prevention and target tracking etc. Jamming is considered to be a serious problem in UWSNs where the intruder affects the lifetime of sensor motes and impact t…Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are used for monitoring costal area and military surveillance applications, for example tsunami prevention and target tracking etc. Jamming is considered to be a serious problem in UWSNs where the intruder affects the lifetime of sensor motes and impact the packet transmission performance. This paper consider that the jammer device has capability of reducing battery lifetime and preventing communication of trustworthy UWSN mote. Existing resource utilization model are not efficient considering presence of multiple jammers. For overcoming research issues this work present efficient resource allocation design for mitigating multiple jammers in UWSNs. The ERA model adopts cross layer design and can communicate in cooperative manner using direct and hop based communication that maximize resource utilization quality specifier. Experiment outcome shows the ERA achieves much better detection rate, resource utilization, packet drop, and energy efficiency performance compared with existing resource allocation methodologies considering presence of multiple jammer motes.
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6G Communication: Envisioning the Key Issues and Challenges
Appears in:
IoT 21(24): e1

Authors:
Sabuzima Nayak, Ripon Patgiri

Published:
11th Nov 2020

Abstract:
In 2030, we are going to evidence the 6G mobile communication technology, which will enable the Internet of Everything. Yet 5G has to be experienced by people worldwide and B5G has to be developed; the researchers have already started planning, visioning, and gathering requirements of the 6G. Moreo…In 2030, we are going to evidence the 6G mobile communication technology, which will enable the Internet of Everything. Yet 5G has to be experienced by people worldwide and B5G has to be developed; the researchers have already started planning, visioning, and gathering requirements of the 6G. Moreover, many countries have already initiated the research on 6G. 6G promises connecting every smart device to the Internet. 6G will provide sophisticated and high QoS such as holographic communication, augmented reality/virtual reality and many more. It will also focus on Quality of Experience to provide rich experiences. Notably, it is very important to vision the issues and challenges of 6G technology, otherwise, promises may not be delivered on time. The requirements of 6G pose new challenges to the research community. To achieve desired parameters of 6G, researchers are exploring various alternatives. Hence, there are diverse research challenges to envision, from devices to softwarization. Therefore, in this article, we discuss the future issues and challenges to befaced by the 6G technology. We have discussed issues and challenges from every aspect from hardware to the enabling technologies which will be utilized by 6G.
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Analysis of Indoor Rowing Motion using Wearable Inertial Sensors
Appears in:
IoT 16(6): e1

Authors:
Stephan Bosch, Muhammad Shoaib, Stephen Geerlings, Lennart Buit, Nirvana Meratnia, Paul Havinga

Downloads:
5628

Abstract:
In this exploratory work the motion of rowers is analyzed while rowing on a rowing machine. This is performed using inertial sensors that measure the orientation at several positions on the body. Using these measurements, this work provides a preliminary analysis of the differences between experien…In this exploratory work the motion of rowers is analyzed while rowing on a rowing machine. This is performed using inertial sensors that measure the orientation at several positions on the body. Using these measurements, this work provides a preliminary analysis of the differences between experienced and novice rowers, or between a good and a bad technique. The analysis shows that the measured postural angles show no clear trend that would set apart experienced and novice rowers or a bad and a good technique. However, there are clear differences in absolute postural angle's consistency and timing consistency of strokes between novice and experienced rowers. We also applied a machine learning technique to the data to find the similarities between different rowers and an experienced reference rower. The results can be used to compare the quality of the rowing technique with respect to a reference. In this paper, we present our initial results as well as the challenges that need to be further explored.
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IoT-Q-Band: A low cost internet of things based wearable band to detect and track absconding COVID-19 quarantine subjects
Appears in:
IoT 20(21): e5

Authors:
Vibhutesh Kumar Singh, Himanshu Chandna, Ashish Kumar, Sujeet Kumar, Nidhi Upadhyay, Kumar Utkarsh

Downloads:
4407

Abstract:
The world health organization (WHO) has declared the novel coronavirus disease (nCoV or COVID-19) outbreak a pandemic, and quarantines are playing a vital role in containing its spread. But globally, the defections of the quarantined subjects are raising serious concerns. If COVID-19 positive, th…The world health organization (WHO) has declared the novel coronavirus disease (nCoV or COVID-19)
outbreak a pandemic, and quarantines are playing a vital role in containing its spread. But globally, the
defections of the quarantined subjects are raising serious concerns. If COVID-19 positive, the absconding
quarantine subjects can infect more people, which makes the timely detection of them vital. As the literature
suggests, a wearable makes a subject more compliant towards healthcare routines/restrictions; thus, in this
work, we have designed an IoT based wearable quarantine band (IoT-Q-Band) to detect the absconding. While
designing it, we kept in mind the cost, global supply chain disruption, and COVID-19 quarantine duration,
which the WHO recommends. This wearable prototype, with the bundled mobile app, reports and tracks the
absconding quarantine subjects in real-time. IoT-Q-Band is an economical solution that could benefit lowincome regions to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
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Design and Implementation of a Wireless Sensor Network for Agricultural Applications
Appears in:
IoT 18(16): e1

Authors:
Jobish John, Gaurav S. Kasbekar, Dinesh K. Sharma, V. Ramulu, Maryam Shojaei Baghini

Downloads:
3036

Abstract:
We present the design and implementation of a shortest path tree based, energy eﬃcient data collection wireless sensor network to sense various parameters in an agricultural farm using in-house developed low cost sensors. Nodes follow a synchronized, periodic sleep-wake up schedule to maximize the …We present the design and implementation of a shortest path tree based, energy eﬃcient data collection wireless sensor network to sense various parameters in an agricultural farm using in-house developed low cost sensors. Nodes follow a synchronized, periodic sleep-wake up schedule to maximize the lifetime of the network. The implemented network consists of 24 sensor nodes in a 3 acre maize farm and its performance is captured by 7 snooper nodes for diﬀerent data collection intervals: 10 minutes,1 hour and 3 hours. The almost static nature of wireless links in the farm motivated us to use the same tree for a long data collection period (3 days). The imbalance in energy consumption across nodes is observed to be very small and the network architecture uses easy-to-implement protocols to perform diﬀerent network activities including handling of node failures. We present the results and analysis of extensive tests conducted on our implementation, which provide signiﬁcant insights.
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IoT-F2CDM-LB: IoT Based Fog-to-Cloud and Data-in-Motion Architectures with Load Balancing
Appears in:
IoT 18(13): e1

Authors:
Istabraq M. Al-Joboury, Emad H. Al-Hemiary

Downloads:
1418

Abstract:
The work in this paper tries to enhance the performance of IoT by modifying the Cloud based architecture in terms of storage, processing, and Load Balancing (LB). The assumption is as follows: In a single Fog server, high traffic coming from Things may cause packet loss which in turn affect the ov…The work in this paper tries to enhance the performance of IoT by modifying the Cloud based architecture in terms of storage, processing, and Load Balancing (LB). The assumption is as follows: In a single Fog server, high traffic coming from Things may cause packet loss which in turn affect the overall IoT performance. To overcome such a situation, LB on Fog layer is proposed and implemented practically using virtualization technology. The proposed IoT based Fog-To-Cloud and Data-inMotion with LB (IoT-F2CDM-LB) architecture consists of two load balancers; HAProxy and Server Load Balancing (SLB), are used to distribute messages from Things to four virtualized Fog servers according to Least Connection technique. The implementation is carried out using VirtualBox and GNS3. Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is used to transfer messages between layers. Both load balancers result in packet loss reduction by 50%, lower response time and higher throughput.
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Dedicated networks for IoT: PHY / MAC state of the art and challenges
Appears in:
IoT 15(1): e3

Authors:
C. Goursaud, J. M. Gorce

Downloads:
1418

Abstract:
This paper focuses on the the emerging transmission technologies dedicated to IoT networks.We first analyze the classical cellular network technologies when taking into account the IoT requirements, and point out the need of dedicated technologies for IoT. Then, we present the PHY and MAC layers of…This paper focuses on the the emerging transmission technologies dedicated to IoT networks.We first analyze the classical cellular network technologies when taking into account the IoT requirements, and point out the need of dedicated technologies for IoT. Then, we present the PHY and MAC layers of the technologies that are already deployed, or likely to be deployed: UNB by SigFox, CSS by LoRaTM,Weighless, and RPMA by Ingenu. We then compare their performances to highlight their pros and cons. Finally, we discuss on the open research challenges that still need to be addressed.
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Powering environment monitoring Wireless Sensor Networks: A review of design and operational challenges in Eastern Africa
Appears in:
IoT 18(14): e1

Authors:
Maximus Byamukama, Geofrey Bakkabulindi, Björn Pehrson, Mary Nsabagwa, Roseline Akol

Downloads:
1345

Abstract:
This paper discusses the various design and operational challenges that we have met in providing power to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) deployed in environment monitoring in East Africa. While such deployments in African environments have a major advantage of abundant sunshine, both in intensity …This paper discusses the various design and operational challenges that we have met in providing power to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) deployed in environment monitoring in East Africa. While such deployments in African environments have a major advantage of abundant sunshine, both in intensity and duration, the same environments still present a number
of unique challenges. With the various research initiatives in Africa being quite disjointed, a major problem is the lack of a unified knowledge base that communicates the current challenges and solutions in designing power systems for these WSNs. We implemented a WSN with several autonomous sensors and two types of gateways. We kept track of voltages, uptime and other diagnostic data. We combine our experiences from the study of these devices, and those of some others in the region and other developing countries and make recommendations where we have achieved good results and propose solutions where work is still in progress.
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Semantic Interoperable Traffic Management Framework for IoT Smart City Applications
Appears in:
IoT 18(13): e4

Authors:
Sivadi Balakrishna, M. Thirumaran

Downloads:
1239

Abstract:
Real-time traffic monitoring and controlling are one of the biggest problems in this present living world. So many researchers have dealt with and put their effort into this problem, as a result, several types of approaches have developed. Currently using traffic monitoring and alert systems are no…Real-time traffic monitoring and controlling are one of the biggest problems in this present living world. So many researchers have dealt with and put their effort into this problem, as a result, several types of approaches have developed. Currently using traffic monitoring and alert systems are not up to the needs of smart city applications and more expensive. This paper proposes an Internet of Things (IoT) based Smart Real-Time Traffic Monitoring System to provide better service with low cost for Smart city applications using semantic annotations. The proposed framework contains two phases namely-traffic monitoring unit and traffic reduction unit. The first phase analyses semantic traffic to detect an emergency, the latter phase removes redundant semantic information for traffic reduction. Simulation results suggest that the framework is capable of accurate and early detection of an emergency as well as traffic reduction while keeping sufficient information to report the emergency.
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Platforms and Protocols for the Internet of Things
Appears in:
IoT 15(1): e5

Authors:
Chiara Pielli, Daniel Zucchetto, Andrea Andrea Zanella, Lorenzo Vangelista, Michele Zorzi

Downloads:
1198

Abstract:
Building a general architecture for the Internet of Things (IoT) is a very complex task, exacerbated by the extremely large variety of devices, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. In this paper, we identify the main blocks of a generic IoT architecture, de…Building a general architecture for the Internet of Things (IoT) is a very complex task, exacerbated by the
extremely large variety of devices, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a
system. In this paper, we identify the main blocks of a generic IoT architecture, describing their features
and requirements, and analyze the most common approaches proposed in the literature for each block. In
particular, we compare three of the most important communication technologies for IoT purposes, i.e., REST,
MQTT, and AMQP, and we also analyze three IoT platforms: openHAB, Sentilo, and Parse. The analysis will
prove the importance of adopting an integrated approach that jointly addresses several issues and is able to
flexibly accommodate the requirements of the various elements of the system. We also discuss a use case which
illustrates the design challenges and the choices to make when selecting which protocols and technologies to
use.
more »
Device-to-Device Communications for 5G Internet of Things
Appears in:
IoT 15(1): e4

Authors:
L. Militano, G. Araniti, M. Condoluci, I. Farris, A. Iera

Downloads:
1070

Abstract:
The proliferation of heterogeneous devices connected through large-scale networks is a clear sign that the vision of the Internet of Things (IoT) is getting closer to becoming a reality. Many researchers and experts in the field share the opinion that the next-to-come fifth generation (5G) cellular…The proliferation of heterogeneous devices connected through large-scale networks is a clear sign that the vision of the Internet of Things (IoT) is getting closer to becoming a reality. Many researchers and experts in the field share the opinion that the next-to-come fifth generation (5G) cellular systems will be a strong boost for the IoT deployment. Device-to- Device (D2D) appears as a key communication paradigm to support heterogeneous objects interconnection and to guarantee important benefits. In this paper, we thoroughly discuss the added-value features introduced by cellular/noncellular D2D communications and its potential in efficiently fulfilling IoT requirements in 5G networks. State-of-the-art solutions, enabling radio technologies, and current standardization activities for D2D communications are surveyed and their pros and cons with reference to manifold IoT use cases pointed out. Future research directions are then presented towards a fully converged 5G IoT ecosystem.
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A Review on Cloud and Fog Computing Integration for IoT: Platforms Perspective
Appears in:
IoT 18(14): e5

Authors:
Asrar A. Baktyan, Ammar T. Zahary

Downloads:
1031

Abstract:
The fourth industrial revolution can connect ecosystems of more than 20 billion devices with an unpredictable gross of the local consumption. Connected devices will produce approximately 44 ZB of raw data by 2020, which provides interesting challenges relatively to privacy, connectivity, and scalab…The fourth industrial revolution can connect ecosystems of more than 20 billion devices with an unpredictable gross of the local consumption. Connected devices will produce approximately 44 ZB of raw data by 2020, which provides interesting challenges relatively to privacy, connectivity, and scalability. The Internet of Things (IoT) is earning growing attention that provides the interconnection between the physical and the digital world. Consequently, the physical world needs to be measured and converted into expressible statistics. Cloud for IoT introduces precious application and unique services in several domains. However, fog computing helps in efficient utilization and better performance in case of bandwidth utilization, and low power consumption. This review focuses on the IoT platforms used for fog and cloud computing to serve IoT end-to-end services. In addition, the application of the cloud of thing and fog roles to improve the challenges of the cloud of things are also provided.
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Publisher: EAI
ISSN: 2414-1399
Number of Volumes: 7

Last Published: 2021-04-14

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things

Der Jiunn Deng1

Shancang Li2

Der Jiunn Deng¹

Shancang Li²