EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web is an open access, peer-reviewed scholarly journal focused on topics ranging from ‘smart dust’ to hybrid networks capable of controlling the emergence of dependable and reliable green and energy-efficient ecosystems. The journal publishes research articles, review articles and editorials with a quarterly frequency. Authors are not charged for article submission and processing.

Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ghazanfar Safdar and Iosif Breido

Aims & Scope
Indexing
Editors in Chief
Editorial Board
Special Issues

With ICT pervading everyday objects and infrastructures, the ‘Future Internet’ is envisioned to undergo a radical transformation from how we know it today (a mere communication highway) into a vast hybrid network seamlessly integrating knowledge, people and machines into techno-social ecosystems whose behaviour transcends the boundaries of today’s engineering science. As the internet of things continues to grow, billions and trillions of data bytes need to be moved, stored and shared. The energy thus consumed and the climate impact of data centers are increasing dramatically, thereby becoming significant contributors to global warming and climate change. As reported recently, the combined electricity consumption of the world’s data centers has already exceeded that of some of the world's top ten economies. In the ensuing process of integrating traditional and renewable energy, monitoring and managing various energy sources, and processing and transferring technological information through various channels, IT will undoubtedly play an ever-increasing and central role. Several technologies are currently racing to production to meet this challenge, from ‘smart dust’ to hybrid networks capable of controlling the emergence of dependable and reliable green and energy-efficient ecosystems – which we generically term the ‘energy web’ – calling for major paradigm shifts highly disruptive of the ways the energy sector functions today.

The EAI Transactions on Energy Web are positioned at the forefront of these efforts and provide a forum for the most forward-looking, state-of-the-art research bringing together the cross section of IT and Energy communities. The journal will publish original works reporting on prominent advances that challenge traditional thinking.

The EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web topics include but are not limited to:

Green Data Centres and Data Storage
Greener Smart Homes
Green Smart Cities
Greener Secure Web Transactions
Energy Systems Modelling
Energy Efficient Virtualized Systems
Energy Efficient DSA (for CR Networks, D2D/M2M)
Energy Efficient LAA (Licensed Assisted Access for 5G)
Energy Aware Interference Mitigation in 4G Networks
Energy Conservation and Mangement Strategies
Telemetry and Power Engineering Based on Self-Organising Networks with Combined Information Transmission Channels
Transportation and Electric Vehicles
Green Communication Protocols
Energy Efficient Routing Protocols
Physical Layer Techniques for Energy Efficiency
Energy Efficient Device-to-Device (D2D) Communications
Energy-Aware Design for Small Cells and HetNets
Energy Efficient Algorithms and Scheduling Techniques
Green Massive MIMO Techniques
Cross-Layer Energy Efficiency Optimisation
Standardisation for Green Communications and Networking
Energy Efficient and Secure Implementation of Cryptographic Protocols
Lightweight Cryptography
Monitoring and Management of Energy Supply
Online Learning Technologies in the Energy Sector
Power Systems Regulations
Power Systems Transmission Management
Supply Chain Energy Management

João Luiz Afonso (University of Minho, Portugal)
Chi-Hua Chen (Fuzhou University, China)
Abdul Shabeer (IBM India Pvt Ltd, India)
Baozhi Chen (Rutgers University, USA)
Amando P. Singun, Jr. (Higher College of Technology, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman)
Andrey Mazalov (South Federal University, Russia)
Duckki Lee (Yonam Institute of Technology, South Korea)
H. Anandakumar (Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, India)
Houda Chihi (ISAMM University, Tunisie)
Howard Njoku (University of Nigeria, Nigeria)
José Gabriel Oliveira Pinto (University of Minho, Portugal)
Kale Sandip Achutrao (Trinity College of Engineering and Research, India)
Marta Chinnici (ENEA-Italian National Agency for New technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Italy)
P. Venkata Krishna (Sri Padmavati Mahila University, India)
Vítor Duarte Fernandes Monteiro (University of Minho, Portugal)
S. Karthikumar (Ilahia College of Engineering & Technology, India)
Utku Kose (Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey)
Satish Kumar Kansal (Baba Hira Singh Bhattal Institute of Engineering & Technology, India)
J. Jacinth Poornima (NIIT Qatar, Qatar)
Elena Gebel (Omsk State Technical University, Russia)
Irina Yuryevna Semykina (Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo, Russia)
Manik Sharma (DAV University Jalandhar, India)
Mikhail Medvedev (Southern Federal University, Russia)
Sabu M Thampi (Center for Research and Innovation in Cyber Threat Resilience (CRICTR), India)
Vladimir Dyo (University of Bedfordshire, UK)
Velliangiri. S (CMR Institute of Technology, India)
Vyacheslav Potekhin (Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia)

Ghazanfar Safdar¹

Ghazanfar A. Safdar received his B.Sc Hons. in Electrical Engineering from University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan, and his M.Eng in Computer Science and Telecommunications from ENSIMAG, INPG, France. He was awarded a PhD from Queen’s University Belfast, UK, in 2005 for his work in the area of power-saving MAC protocols for the IEEE 802.11 family of wireless LANs. Moreover, he has worked as Research Fellow at Queen’s University Belfast on a project related to Wireless Networks security funded by EPSRC grant EP/C006976/1. Currently, he is working as Senior Lecturer in Computer Networking at the University of Bedfordshire, UK. His research interests mainly include cognitive radio networks, energy saving MAC protocols, security protocols for wireless networks, LTE networks, interference mitigation, device-to-device communications, network modelling and performance analysis. He has also worked as R&D Engineer with Carrier Telephone Industries (SIEMENS), Pakistan, and Schlumberger, France.

Iosif Breido²

Iosif Breido received the engineering degree from the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute (USSR) in 1971. He served as a navy officer in the Pacific fleet. He worked in the Karaganda Department of the Institute of mining. In 1983 he received the academic degree of candidate of technical sciences for his work in the field of controlled electric drive of conveyors in coal mines. In 1996 he received the degree of doctor of technical Sciences, at the Ural mining and geological Academy (Yekaterinburg, Russia) for research in the field of dynamics of controlled multi-motor electric drives of mining machines, interconnected through the working body. He participated in the creation and modernization of thyristor electric drives of conveyors, coal combines, aggregates of metallurgical production. In recent years, he directs the establishment of systems for protection and diagnostics of electrical equipment and high-voltage transmission lines, including systems remote Internet monitoring with the use of different telemetry channels in the conditions of strong interference from induced electromagnetic fields.

1: University of Bedfordshire, UK
2: Karaganda State Technical University

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Towards low-carbon energy state in South Africa: a survey of energy availability and sustainability
Appears in:
ew 18: e9

Authors:
Paul A. Adedeji, Stephen Akinlabi, Nkosinathi Madushele, Obafemi O. Olatunji

Published:
22nd Nov 2019

Abstract:
The drive towards low-carbon economy in South Africa has necessitated alternative energy sources for electricity generation. More alternative sources have evolved in recent times with a view to making energy available to all and sundry. However, asides proliferation of these sources and extensions …The drive towards low-carbon economy in South Africa has necessitated alternative energy sources for electricity generation. More alternative sources have evolved in recent times with a view to making energy available to all and sundry. However, asides proliferation of these sources and extensions in form of micro-grids, the questions of increased availability and
sustainability has become a growing concern. This survey investigates the state of the renewable energy system in South Africa with focus on the elements, which enhance energy availability and sustainability in the emerging transition to a lowcarbon economy. Case studies of other countries were reviewed and considered in the South African context. It was observed that energy availability on the journey to the low-carbon economy is influenced by physical, climatic, human, prosumer concept and political factors. In sustaining the transition and progressing to a green economy, intelligent use of data from power generation, transmission, and distribution sectors for intelligent data-driven decision-making processes was also found
as essential. As part of the sustainability roadmap, efficiency at the end-user side of the value chain and a system thinking paradigm in the harvesting of renewable energy sources (RES) and formulation of supporting policies were also identified. In the overall, the study reveals that South Africa is replete with abundance of RES, however, their continuous availability and sustainability depends on joint interventions of both stakeholders and the government with viable environment for the growth of the sector.
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Power Electronics Converters for an Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Station with Energy Storage System and Renewable Energy Sources
Appears in:
ew 18: e8

Authors:
J. G. Pinto, Vitor Monteiro, Bruno Exposto, Luis A. M. Barros, Tiago J. C. Sousa, L. F. C. Monteiro, João L. Afonso

Published:
21st Nov 2019

Abstract:
Fast Charging Stations (FCS) are a key element for the wide spreading of Electric Vehicles (EVs), by reducing the charging time to a range between 20 to 40 minutes. However, the integration of FCS causes some adverse impacts on the Power Grid (PG), namely the huge increase in the peak demand during…Fast Charging Stations (FCS) are a key element for the wide spreading of Electric Vehicles (EVs), by reducing the charging time to a range between 20 to 40 minutes. However, the integration of FCS causes some adverse impacts on the Power Grid (PG), namely the huge increase in the peak demand during short periods of time. This paper addresses the design of power
electronics converters for an EV DC FCS with local storage capability and easy interface of renewables. In the proposed architecture, the energy storage capability is used to smooth the peak power demand and contributes to stabilize the PG. When integrated in a smart grid, the proposed architecture may even return some of the stored energy back to the PG. The
accomplishment of the aforementioned objectives requires a set of different power electronics converters, described and discussed along the paper. In order to demonstrate the potentialities of the proposed EV DC FCS architecture, four different case studies were analysed.
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Performance Comparison of a Typical Nonlinear Load Supplied by ac and dc Voltages
Appears in:
ew 18: e7

Authors:
Tiago J. C. Sousa, Vítor Monteiro, J. G. Pinto, João L. Afonso

Published:
21st Nov 2019

Abstract:
This paper presents a performance comparison of a typical nonlinear load when supplied by ac or dc voltages with the same rms value. The performance of the nonlinear load towards its connection to ac and dc power grids is accomplished in terms of the waveforms and efficiency. A simulation model was…This paper presents a performance comparison of a typical nonlinear load when supplied by ac or dc voltages with the same rms value. The performance of the nonlinear load towards its connection to ac and dc power grids is accomplished in terms of the waveforms and efficiency. A simulation model was developed using realistic database models of the power
semiconductors comprising the load, and an experimental setup was assembled, so that the efficiency can be determined and compared for simulation and real operating conditions. Three distinct cases were considered for this study: (1) Load
supplied by ac voltage; (2) Load supplied by dc voltage; and (3) Load without the input ac-dc converter supplied by dc voltage. The obtained results show that supplying nonlinear loads with dc power grids is advantageous in relation to the ac power grid, and therefore it can be beneficial to adapt nonlinear loads to be powered by dc power grids.
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Smart Home Energy Management System based on a Hybrid Wireless Network Architecture
Appears in:
ew 18: e6

Authors:
Zakariae Jebroni, Jose A. Afonso, Belkassem Tidhaf

Published:
15th Nov 2019

Abstract:
Currently, in electrical energy sector, due to the population growth and the increasing energy consumption demand, the electrical grid is becoming more and more complex. This creates new challenges in term of electrical energy management. Our contribution in this area, presented in this paper, cons…Currently, in electrical energy sector, due to the population growth and the increasing energy consumption demand, the electrical grid is becoming more and more complex. This creates new challenges in term of electrical energy management. Our contribution in this area, presented in this paper, consists of the design, implementation and test of a wireless monitoring and control system for household electrical appliances. This system offers to the residential customers a helpful tool to monitor and control the energy consumption of their household appliances. The developed system is composed by a set of components connected to each other using wireless network technologies: the monitoring devices, the gateway and the client devices (with the respective user interface). For the development of this system, we opted to use a hybrid wireless network
solution based on Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). We describe the design and the implementation of the monitoring device hardware, as well as the calculation methodologies to obtain the electrical quantities and to reduce as much as possible
the measurement errors. This paper describes also the development of the BLE/Wi-Fi gateway and the Graphical User Interface (GUI). The performance of the developed monitoring device was evaluated by means of experimental tests, where we achieved a voltage measurement error below 0.2% and a current measurement error below 0.5%.
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Magnetostriction Assessment with Strain Gauges and Fiber Bragg Gratings
Appears in:
ew 18: e5

Authors:
Cassiano C. Linhares, João Espírito Santo, Ricardo R. Teixeira, Cristiano P. Coutinho, Sérgio M.O. Tavares, Marta Pinto, João S. Costa, Helder Mendes, Catarina S. Monteiro, António V. Rodrigues, Orlando Frazão

Published:
13th Nov 2019

Abstract:
Power transformers have an imperative role in the future developments of the electrical grids. Treated as crucial assets for transportation and distribution of electrical energy, transformers are currently being studied regarding to the integration of technologies aiming to diagnose problems and m…Power transformers have an imperative role in the future developments of the electrical grids. Treated as
crucial assets for transportation and distribution of electrical energy, transformers are currently being studied regarding to the integration of technologies aiming to diagnose problems and monitoring data of electrical power grid. Furthermore, environmental noise pollution has gained importance, especially in active units of the power grid, located near consumers, such as transformers. Transformers noise can be classified according to its source: core, windings and cooling. This study addresses an experimental characterization of one of the main causes of transformers core noise - magnetostriction of electrical steel. An evaluation of magnetostriction properties of electrical steel, including resistive strain gauges and Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) measurements with an Epstein frame, are presented and discussed. The magnetic flux density influence on hysteretic strain behavior of magnetostriction was evaluated, as well as the effect of a clamping load on core joints. Nowadays, optical interrogators for Bragg gratings have a high acquisition frequencies and wavelength sensitivity when compared to former optical interrogation systems, allowing to evaluate physical phenomena without electromagnetic interference and with equivalent resolution of conventional strain gauges.
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Water and Heat-sink Cooling System for Increasing the Solar Cell Performances
Appears in:
ew 18: e4

Authors:
S. Suherman, A. R. Sunarno, S. Hasan, R. Harahap

Published:
25th Oct 2019

Abstract:
Solar panel comprises some solar cells in series and parallel arrangements converting sunlight into electrical current in usable level. However, the cell arrangement causes large surface area exposed to sunlight that tends to be heat absorbent. Existing study shows that the efficiency of solar cell…Solar panel comprises some solar cells in series and parallel arrangements converting sunlight into electrical current in usable level. However, the cell arrangement causes large surface area exposed to sunlight that tends to be heat absorbent. Existing study shows that the efficiency of solar cell decreases about 0.5% for each 1℃-surface temperature increment. Various
cooling systems for solar cells have been offered by many researchers. This paper proposes a passive cooling system that combines water-filled aluminium blocks and heat-sinks. The water-filled aluminium blocks absorb heat from the back of solar cells and the heat-sinks release this heat to the air. The experimental assessment showed that the proposed method is
able to reduce surface temperatures about 11.91% lower than the non-cooled solar panel. Compared to the existing methods, the proposed coolant achieved 5.08% and 7.37% lower surface temperatures than water and heat-sink coolant subsequently. The proposed cooling system also exerted at least 6.28% higher power than the other methods.
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On the effects of hyper-parameters adjustments to the PSO-GMPPT algorithm for a photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions
Appears in:
ew 18: e3

Authors:
André Luiz Marques Leopoldino, Cleiton Magalhães Freitas, Luís Fernando Corrêa Monteiro

Published:
22nd Oct 2019

Abstract:
This paper exploits the performance of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for a photovoltaic system under partial shading condition (PSC). Essentially our main contribution consists on analyzing the hyper-parameters adjustment of the PSO algorithm to determine the minimum particle nu…This paper exploits the performance of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for a photovoltaic
system under partial shading condition (PSC). Essentially our main contribution consists on analyzing the
hyper-parameters adjustment of the PSO algorithm to determine the minimum particle numbers, such that
the assertiveness to identify the Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP) be higher than 99%. The database was
obtained throughout 5760 simulations based on different test cases. From these test cases, the PSC was applied
in 2880 simulations. In the previous work, it was shown the best results based on 5 particles. In this update
version, it is also shown the best results for 3, 7 and 9 particles, together with a comparison among them.
Furthermore, this paper also presents the simulation results to evaluate the performance of the developed
algorithm under transient- and steady-state conditions.
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Improved Voltage Control for the Electric Vehicle Operation in V2H Mode as an Off-Line UPS in the Context of Smart Homes
Appears in:
ew 18: e2

Authors:
Vitor Monteiro, Joao Catalao, Tiago Sousa, J. G. Pinto, Marcello Mezaroba, Joao L. Afonso

Published:
22nd Oct 2019

Abstract:
As a contribution for sustainability, electric vehicles (EVs) are seen as one of the most effective influences in the transport sector. This paper proposes an improved voltage control of the EV operating as uninterruptible power supply (UPS) in smart homes. With the EV plugged-in into the smart hom…As a contribution for sustainability, electric vehicles (EVs) are seen as one of the most effective influences in the transport sector. This paper proposes an improved voltage control of the EV operating as uninterruptible power supply (UPS) in smart homes. With the EV plugged-in into the smart home, it can act as an off-line UPS protecting the electrical appliances
from power grid outages. The foremost advantages of the proposed voltage control strategy are comprehensively emphasized, establishing a comparison with the classical approach. Aiming to offer a sinusoidal voltage for linear and nonlinear electrical appliances, a pulse width modulation with a multi-loop control scheme is used. A Kalman filter is used
for decreasing significantly the time of detecting power outages and, consequently, the transition for the UPS mode. The computer simulations and the acquired experimental results validate the proposed strategy in different conditions of operation.
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Optimizing the train-catenary electrical interface in AC railways through dynamic control reconfiguration
Appears in:
ew 18: e1

Authors:
António Martins, Vítor Morais, Carlos Ramos, Adriano Carvalho, João Afonso

Published:
22nd Oct 2019

Abstract:
The power supply architecture of most AC electric railway vehicles is constituted by transformers and catenaries at increasingly high power levels. Inside the vehicles, the interface between the catenary and the DC-bus of the traction motors is based on a transformer and power electronics convert…The power supply architecture of most AC electric railway vehicles is constituted by transformers and
catenaries at increasingly high power levels. Inside the vehicles, the interface between the catenary and the
DC-bus of the traction motors is based on a transformer and power electronics converters. A large part of
these are AC-DC four quadrant converters that operate in parallel at relatively small switching frequencies.
However, the use of the interleaving principle allows reaching a low harmonic distortion of the catenary
current and imposing specific harmonic ranges in this current. Nevertheless, the current is not a pure
sinusoidal wave and its harmonics can excite unwanted resonances due to the combined effect of the catenary
distributed parameters, the substation equivalent impedance and the current frequency spectrum. This paper analyses this phenomenon and proposes a control strategy capable of minimizing the resonance effects in two different power supply architectures.
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Robust Controller Design for Speed Regulation of a Wind Turbine using 16-Plant Theorem Approach
Appears in:
ew 19(24): e7

Authors:
N. V. A. Ravikumar, G. Saraswathi

Published:
16th Oct 2019

Abstract:
Large scale wind turbines are subjected to fatigue, aerodynamics, structural flexibility and wind turbulence which lead to uncertain behavior of the wind turbine. The uncertainties are due to differences between the mathematical model and the actual dynamics of the system in operation and the wor…Large scale wind turbines are subjected to fatigue, aerodynamics, structural flexibility and wind turbulence
which lead to uncertain behavior of the wind turbine. The uncertainties are due to differences between the
mathematical model and the actual dynamics of the system in operation and the worn and torn effects.
These elements are combinations of mass, stiffness, damping factors and moments of inertia of the rotor and
generator. The uncertainties or perturbations in the wind turbine are indicated by variations between ±25%
of the nominal values of the elements of the system matrix. These uncertainties in the wind turbine are dealt
with the proposed robustly stabilizing controller in this paper. The stable (Kp, Ki) regions of a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller are chosen by the Kharitonov’s theorem based 16-plant model. It can be shown that
a simple PI controller can become robust by the correct selection of its parameters. The furnished results
validate the above statement.
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Ensuring minimum duration of transient processes in switched voltage regulators with digital control
Appears in:
ew 19(24): e6

Authors:
Oleg V. Nepomnyashchiy, Yuri V. Krasnobaev, Aleksey P. Yablonsky, Vyacheslav V. Potekhin, Natalia J. Sirotinina

Published:
16th Oct 2019

Abstract:
This paper describes a solution suggested to minimize the finite transient duration of a switched voltage regulator (SVR) for step changes in load current. SVR control laws aimed at minimizing the transient time are synthesized, and the microprocessor-based architecture and operating algorithms of …This paper describes a solution suggested to minimize the finite transient duration of a switched voltage regulator (SVR) for step changes in load current. SVR control laws aimed at minimizing the transient time are synthesized, and the microprocessor-based architecture and operating algorithms of the control system are designed. The prototype of the SVR
digital control unit is implemented on the field-programmable gate array integrated circuit Cyclone III EP3C120F780 using the NIOS II soft-processor core. Embedded software is developed to calculate the control pulse duration for power switches in accordance with the synthesized control laws taking into account the feedback loop signal. A case study of the
prototype shows that it provides the duration of transients caused by a load current step change, equal to 3-4 conversion periods at the frequency of 120 kHz. It confirms the suitability of the developed models, algorithms and control laws for ensuring the minimum transient duration.
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A Survey on Energy-Aware Wireless Sensor Routing Protocols
Appears in:
ew 19(24): e5

Authors:
Mohit Mittal, Celestine Iwendi

Published:
9th Oct 2019

Abstract:
A technological evolution in digital electronics gives birth to micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). This evolution generates drastic change in the field of micro-sensors. Micro-sensors are advanced in capabilities of low-cost, less energy consumption, self-configurable, work on heterogeneous e…A technological evolution in digital electronics gives birth to micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). This evolution generates drastic change in the field of micro-sensors. Micro-sensors are advanced in capabilities of low-cost, less energy consumption, self-configurable, work on heterogeneous environment and highly reliable. A way to work efficiently automated systems are relying on sensor backbone known as routing protocols. The routing protocols is key whose
functionality provides a better usability of a system in effective and efficient way. In this paper, we have focused on categories of routing protocols based on required applications. The main idea of this survey to present the applicability of sensor routing protocols in various indoor and outdoor applications.
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Secure Group based Routing and Flawless Trust Formulation in MANET using Unsupervised Machine Learning Approach for IoT Applications
Appears in:
ew 19(24): e4

Authors:
Maitreyi Ponguwala, DR.Sreenivasa Rao

Published:
9th Oct 2019

Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) in many application cases due to its flexibility and scalability. The dynamic nature of MANET introduces some security threats in IoT environment. In those threats, Blackhole attack and Grayhole attack are severe…INTRODUCTION: Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) in many application cases due to its flexibility and scalability. The dynamic nature of MANET introduces some security threats in IoT environment. In those threats, Blackhole attack and Grayhole attack are severe routing attacks that disrupts routing algorithm to crack transmission in the entire network.

OBJECTIVES: Many security mechanisms are introduced in MANET based on trust computation schemes. However, computation of inaccurate trust value degrades the performance of mitigation schemes. Thus the major objective of this work is to design a novel security mechanism to protect the MANET-IoT from different adversaries.

METHODS: in this paper we propose a novel group based routing algorithm with recommendation filtering supported by security monitors (SMs). Unsupervised machine learning algorithm is adapted for the purpose of recommendation filtering in the network. Initially the entire network is grouped by Secure Certificate based Group Formation (SCGF) algorithm. In each group, Recommendation Filtering by K-means algorithm (RF-K means) algorithm is employed to perform trust
computation. For secure and optimal route selection, hybrid optimization algorithm that combines Genetic Algorithm and Fire Fly Algorithm (GA-FFA) is proposed. Data transmission is protected by novel Hash Message Authentication Code with Advanced Encryption Standard (HMAC-AES) algorithm in which hash function is integrated with cryptography function.

RESULTS: The proposed work is validated in network simulator-3 environment and the obtained results show better performance in terms of packet delivery ratio (96.3%), throughput (135kbps), delay (3.26ms), detection rate (99%), and energy consumption (8.5%).

CONCLUSION: The MANET-IoT network is secured by group formation and trust filtering approaches. Further,
involvement of cryptography function ensures data security whereas hash function ensures data integrity.
more »
Consideration of partial discharge energy in a mathematical model of thermal-fluctuation processes of a power cable
Appears in:
ew 19(24): e3

Authors:
M. N. Dubyago, N. K. Polyuyanovich, D. V. Burkov

Published:
24th Sep 2019

Abstract:
The article shows that the presence of impurities or oxidation products resulting from heating in insulation leads to leakage currents. A mathematical model was obtained that allows calculating the power of partial discharges (PD), as well as determining the location of the m1 inclusion in the main…The article shows that the presence of impurities or oxidation products resulting from heating in insulation leads to leakage currents. A mathematical model was obtained that allows calculating the power of partial discharges (PD), as well as determining the location of the m1 inclusion in the main insulation, due to the power of the active component of the leakage current, when it occurs in the main cable insulation. The calculation of the change in heat flux passing through the layers of cable insulation by the piecewise-specified functions method, taking into account the thermal resistance of the inclusion, is carried out. The method proposed in the developed model makes it possible to account for heat losses based on the thermal and geometric dimensions of the inclusion. This will allow to obtain the temperature in all layers of the PCL, starting from the radial distances, inclusion parameters caused by the insulation core current, as the main
temperature-forming factor.
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Bulk-bin-packing based migration management of reserved virtual machine requests for green cloud computing
Appears in:
ew 19(24): e2

Authors:
Saikishor Jangiti, Subramaniyaswamy V, Shankar Sriram V. S.

Published:
23rd Jul 2019

Abstract:
The dynamic consolidation of Virtual Machines (VMs) into a minimum number of Physical Machines (PMs) is a key energy-efficient practice in a cloud data centre, to reduce the running PMs and save electricity costs. We proposed a migration based VM consolidation approach for reserved requests. Real D…The dynamic consolidation of Virtual Machines (VMs) into a minimum number of Physical Machines (PMs) is a key energy-efficient practice in a cloud data centre, to reduce the running PMs and save electricity costs. We proposed a migration based VM consolidation approach for reserved requests. Real Dataset EC2 was used in the simulation experiments. The proposed BBPMM has demonstrated the elastic capability of adjusting the running PMs and it reduced 38% of running PMs in a reservation transition period.
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Resubmission Based Fault Tolerance Approach to Schedule Jobs in GRID Environment
Appears in:
ew 19(24): e1

Authors:
Ravinder Ahuja, Alisha Banga

Published:
17th Jul 2019

Abstract:
Grids are the type of distributed machines in which aggregation of resources is done to provide services. Grid environment needs to be fault tolerance so as to obtain maximum performance of the tasks that are being processed on it. A novel fault tolerance approach is designed by us. Fault tolerance…Grids are the type of distributed machines in which aggregation of resources is done to provide services. Grid environment needs to be fault tolerance so as to obtain maximum performance of the tasks that are being processed on it. A novel fault tolerance approach is designed by us. Fault tolerance approaches mainly lie into two categories, Replica Based approach, and Check-Pointing approach. The main limitation of Replica Based Approach (RBA) is its non-applicability to cost-based resources whereas Check-Pointing Approach (CPA) suffers from the inherent disadvantages of taking Check-Point which incur overhead and wastage of time. In our approach, the large task is divided into various subtasks on the basis of data flow and control flow dependencies. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is efficient than a CheckPoint approach in terms of various parameters like the number of Grid lets successfully completed an average execution
time of a task. GridSim ToolKit 4.0 is used for simulation.
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Estimation of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) combustion enthalpy for energy recovery
Appears in:
ew 19(23): e9

Authors:
Obafemi Olatunji, Stephen Akinlabi, Nkosinathi Madushele, Paul A. Adedeji

Published:
11th Jun 2019

Abstract:
The global challenges of climate change have been compounded by an unprecedented level of environmental pollution consequent upon the municipal solid waste, MSW generation. Recent advances by researchers and policymakers are focused on sustainable and renewable energy sources which are technologica…The global challenges of climate change have been compounded by an unprecedented level of environmental pollution consequent upon the municipal solid waste, MSW generation. Recent advances by researchers and policymakers are focused on sustainable and renewable energy sources which are technologically feasible, environmentally friendly, and economically viable. Waste-to-fuel initiative is therefore highly beneficial to our environment while also improves the socio-economic well-being the nations. This current study introduces an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) model optimised with Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) algorithm aimed at predicting the enthalpy of combustion of MSW fuel based on the moisture content (H2O), Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, and Ash contents. This model was trained with 86 MSW biomass data and further tested with a new 37 data points. The developed model was observed to performed better in term of the accuracy when compared with other existing models in the literature. The model was evaluated based on some known error estimation. The values of Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Log Accuracy ratio (LAR), Coefficient of Correlation (CC) were 3.6277, 22.6202, 0.0337, 0.8673 respectively at computation time (CT) of 36.96 secs. Regression analysis was also carried out to determine the level of correlation between the experimental and predicted high heating values (HHV).
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The overview of green building sector in Slovakia
Appears in:
ew 19(23): e8

Authors:
Julius Golej, Andrej Adamuscin

Published:
13th May 2019

Abstract:
Green buildings have become a global trend in recent years, reflecting a social order for sustainable development from the sides of all stakeholders. This is confirmed by the fact that the global construction of green buildings comprises for almost a quarter of the total production of all buildings…Green buildings have become a global trend in recent years, reflecting a social order for sustainable development from the sides of all stakeholders. This is confirmed by the fact that the global construction of green buildings comprises for almost a quarter of the total production of all buildings. Buildings generally represent a huge sector of energy consumers, so it is
now necessary to reduce this consumption through smart design solutions and an appropriate building management system that will ensure efforts to achieve sustainable and smart urban requirements for the use of intelligent technologies. Regarding to the development of green buildings, Slovakia belongs to developing countries. The term "green building" is
slowly becoming familiar in Slovakia, although it should be noted that the green building certification systems are only at the beginning. Also, the legislative and other financial support instruments for green buildings in Slovakia are under the phase of consideration and do not exist in practice. In the following paper, the authors explore green building sector in Slovakia. They present their development and overview, rating systems and analyses the most important investors and key local companies related to green buildings in Slovakia.
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Solar Tilt Angle Optimization of PV Systems for Different Case Studies
Appears in:
ew 19(23): e7

Author:
Hasan N. Muslim

Published:
21st Mar 2019

Abstract:
The evolution of solar photovoltaic systems (PV) in the last decade has been marvellous around the world. This growing in using of PV technique hinge on the electrical load profile that required to be covered and the rate of the electricity that can be generated from the areas where the solar cells…The evolution of solar photovoltaic systems (PV) in the last decade has been marvellous around the world. This growing in using of PV technique hinge on the electrical load profile that required to be covered and the rate of the electricity that can be generated from the areas where the solar cells to be installed. The production of PV systems is based on the fuel which is represented by the solar radiation. In this study, an algorithm has been proposed to optimize the solar tilt angle based on MATLAB software (m-file) in order to maximize the PV generation. Monthly and annually optimal tilt angles are suggested for different case studies those are: Najaf, California and New Delhi. Also, the estimation of solar radiation for each month is calculated according to their optimal tilt angles. The obtained results indicate that the yearly gain of solar radiation from orientation solar panels is approximately 18% for Najaf city and a high gain values for winter months with very small energy gains for summery months, and so on for other case studies. This proposed algorithm is general program and can be applied for any site on the earth by changing the latitude and longitude of the desired area.
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Calculation of the Levelised Cost of Electrical Energy Storage for Short-Duration Application. LCOS Sensitivity Analysis
Appears in:
ew 19(21): e2

Authors:
Vikenty Melnikov, Gleb Nesterenko, Anton Potapenko, Dmitry Lebedev

Downloads:
922

Abstract:
This paper research the issues of economic comparison of electrical energy storage systems based on the levelised cost of storage (LCOS). One of the proposed formulas for LCOS calculation was given, the parameters to be considered and the basic principles of their calculation were examined in detai…This paper research the issues of economic comparison of electrical energy storage systems based on the levelised cost of storage (LCOS). One of the proposed formulas for LCOS calculation was given, the parameters to be considered and the basic principles of their calculation were examined in detail. The LCOS was calculated for an electrical energy storage system, whose main function is to compensate for rapid changes in load power. LCOS sensitivity to changes in variables was analysed. The scope of potential application of the formula under consideration was specified, and the limitations preventing its wider use were indicated.
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Solar Tilt Angle Optimization of PV Systems for Different Case Studies
Appears in:
ew 19(23): e7

Author:
Hasan N. Muslim

Downloads:
864

Abstract:
The evolution of solar photovoltaic systems (PV) in the last decade has been marvellous around the world. This growing in using of PV technique hinge on the electrical load profile that required to be covered and the rate of the electricity that can be generated from the areas where the solar cells…The evolution of solar photovoltaic systems (PV) in the last decade has been marvellous around the world. This growing in using of PV technique hinge on the electrical load profile that required to be covered and the rate of the electricity that can be generated from the areas where the solar cells to be installed. The production of PV systems is based on the fuel which is represented by the solar radiation. In this study, an algorithm has been proposed to optimize the solar tilt angle based on MATLAB software (m-file) in order to maximize the PV generation. Monthly and annually optimal tilt angles are suggested for different case studies those are: Najaf, California and New Delhi. Also, the estimation of solar radiation for each month is calculated according to their optimal tilt angles. The obtained results indicate that the yearly gain of solar radiation from orientation solar panels is approximately 18% for Najaf city and a high gain values for winter months with very small energy gains for summery months, and so on for other case studies. This proposed algorithm is general program and can be applied for any site on the earth by changing the latitude and longitude of the desired area.
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Classification of Vehicle Types in Car Parks using Computer Vision Techniques
Appears in:
ew 15(7): e5

Authors:
Chadly Marouane, Lorenz Schauer, Philipp Bauer

Downloads:
750

Abstract:
The growing population of big cities has led to certain issues, such as overloaded car parks. Ubiquitous systems can help to increase the capacity through an efficient usage of existing parking slots. In this case, cars are recognized during the entrance phases in order to guide them automatically …The growing population of big cities has led to certain issues, such as overloaded car parks. Ubiquitous systems can help to increase the capacity through an efficient usage of existing parking slots. In this case, cars are recognized during the entrance phases in order to guide them automatically to a proper slot for space-saving reasons. Prior to this step, it is necessary to determine the size of vehicles. In this work, we analyze different methods for vehicle classification and size measurement using the existing hardware of car parks. Computer vision techniques are applied for extracting information out of video streams of existing security cameras. For streams with lower resolution, a method is introduced figuring out width and height of a car with the help of reference objects. For streams with a higher resolution, a second approach is applied using face recognition algorithms and a training database in order to classify car types. Our evaluation of a real-life scenario at a major German airport showed a small error deviation of just a few centimeters for the fist method. For the type classification approach, an applicable accuracy of over 80 percent with up to 100 percent in certain cases have been achieved. Given these results, the performed methods show high potentials for a suitable determination of vehicles based on installed security cameras.
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MAC Layer Design for Network-Enabled Visible Light Communication Systems Compliant with IEEE 802.15.7
Appears in:
ew 17(14): e5

Authors:
Trio Adiono, Syifaul Fuada, Muhamad Luthfi, Rosmianto Aji Saputro

Downloads:
725

Abstract:
The design and implementation of medium access control (MAC) layer for network-enabled visible light communication (VLC) system is presented in this paper. The point-to-point link was chosen because of its simple in configuration as well as implementation. Whereas the FPGA Zybo Zynq-7000 is employe…The design and implementation of medium access control (MAC) layer for network-enabled visible light communication (VLC) system is presented in this paper. The point-to-point link was chosen because of its simple in configuration as well as implementation. Whereas the FPGA Zybo Zynq-7000 is employed for prototyping the hardware of VLC system because of it serve a Linux operating system (OS), i.e. Xillinux. Our MAC layer has been realized in Python programming and running above the Zynq-7000 processor. The designed MAC Layer is adapted from IEEE 802.15.7 standard, specifically for delivering and receiving the MAC frames from the coordinator to the device or vice versa, wrapping the IP packets and unwrapping the MAC Frames with MAC headers and trailers, and performing the error detection in which the cyclic redundant check 16 (CRC-16) was selected. According to the functionality test, our proposed VLC system can perform to send the multimedia contents (video and image) as well as data packet for internet accessing purpose like a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) connectivity. Thus, it can be concluded that the implemented MAC layer has met the functionality specifications referred to the IEEE 802.15.7 standard. We also provide the Pseudo-code of designed MAC layer and its Python script (source-code) implementation that can be found in the Appendix section.
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Capacity Enhancement and Voltage Stability Improvement of Power Transmission Line by Series Compensation
Appears in:
ew 19(23): e3

Authors:
Md. Raihan-Al-Masud, Md. Minarul Islam, Md. Shahriar Hasan, Prajoy Podder

Downloads:
702

Abstract:
To install a new infrastructure of a power transmission line is not only costly but also time-consuming, and it also have some harmful impact on our environment and therefore existing transmission infrastructure is important to use effectively. FACTS is a popular solution to utilize this existing p…To install a new infrastructure of a power transmission line is not only costly but also time-consuming, and it also have some harmful impact on our environment and therefore existing transmission infrastructure is important to use effectively. FACTS is a popular solution to utilize this existing power transmission system by using series compensation by means of the series capacitor to enhance the power transmission capacity as well as voltage stability. This paper explores the utilization of series capacitor applying to the power grid of Eastern part of Bangladesh. For doing this we have considered the analytical calculation of 10% to 85% compensation of that power line. As a result, we have observed that the power transfer capacity has been enhanced about 37 times and it also improve the voltage stability, when the compensation ration is 85%. We consider our calculation mathematically and represent the load curve and voltage profile by plotting in Matlab.
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Real-Time Simulation Technique of a Microgrid Model for DER Penetration
Appears in:
ew 14(2): e2

Authors:
Konstantina Mentesidi, Evangelos Rikos, Vasilis Kleftakis

Downloads:
688

Abstract:
Comprehensive analysis of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) integration requires tools that provide computational power and flexibility. In this context, throughout this paper PHIL simulations are performed to emulate the energy management system of a real microgrid including a diesel synchronous …Comprehensive analysis of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) integration requires tools that provide computational power and flexibility. In this context, throughout this paper PHIL simulations are performed to emulate the energy management system of a real microgrid including a diesel synchronous machine and inverter-based sources. Moreover, conventional frequency and voltage droops were incorporated into the respective inverters. The results were verified at the real microgrid installation in the Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES) premises. This research work is divided into two steps: A) Real time in RSCAD/RTDS and Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) simulations where the diesel generator´s active power droop control is evaluated, the battery inverter´s droop curves are simulated and the load sharing for parallel operation of the system´s generation units is examined. B) microgrid experiments during which various tests were executed concerning the diesel generator and the battery inverters in order to examine their dynamic operation within the LV islanded power system.
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Green Communications: Techniques and Challenges
Appears in:
ew 17(14): e4

Authors:
Nabeel Ahmed Malik, Masood Ur-Rehman

Downloads:
657

Abstract:
Green technology has drawn a huge amount of attention with the development of the modern world. Similarly with the development in communication technology the industries and researchers are focusing to make this communication as green as possible. In cellular technology the evolution of 5G is the n…Green technology has drawn a huge amount of attention with the development of the modern world. Similarly with the development in communication technology the industries and researchers are focusing to make this communication as green as possible. In cellular technology the evolution of 5G is the next step to fulfil the user demands and it will be available to the users in 2020. This will increase the energy consumption by which will result in excess emission of co2. In this paper different techniques for the green communication technology and some challenges are discussed. These techniques include device-to-device communication (D2D), massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems, heterogeneous networks (HetNets) and Green Internet of Things (IoT).
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Consensus-based distributed control for economic dispatch problem with comprehensive constraints in a smart grid
Appears in:
ew 14(2): e3

Authors:
J. Cao, M. Yu, J. Tung

Downloads:
630

Abstract:
Economic dispatch problem (EDP) has become more complex and challenging in power systems due to the introduction of smart grids. In a smart grid, it’s expensive and unreliable for the existing centralized controller to achieve a minimum cost when generating a certain amount of power. In this work…Economic dispatch problem (EDP) has become more complex and challenging in power systems due to the introduction of
smart grids. In a smart grid, it’s expensive and unreliable for the existing centralized controller to achieve a minimum cost
when generating a certain amount of power. In this work, we define a quadratic cost function and comprehensive
constraints to improve the consensus algorithm. We propose a distributed control approach based on the improved
consensus algorithm to solve the EDP in a smart grid. Different from the centralized approach, the proposed approach
enables each generator to collect the mismatch between power demands and generations in a distributed manner. The
mismatch in power is used as a feedback for each generator to adjust its power generation. The incremental cost of the
generator is selected as the consensus quantity that converges to a common value eventually. Simulation results of
different case studies are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The comparisons between
the proposed approach and the existing ones are also presented.
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Complex Systems Engineering: designing in sociotechnical systems for the energy transition
Appears in:
ew 17(11): e1

Authors:
J. A. Moncada, E. H. Park Lee, G.D.C. Nava Guerrero, O. Okur, S.T. Chakraborty, Z. Lukszo

Downloads:
617

Abstract:
The EU has set ambitious targets for an energy transition. While research often focuses on technology, institutions or actors, a transition requires complex coordination and comprehensive analysis and design. We propose a framework accounting for technology, institutions and actors’ perspective to …The EU has set ambitious targets for an energy transition. While research often focuses on technology, institutions or actors, a transition requires complex coordination and comprehensive analysis and design. We propose a framework accounting for technology, institutions and actors’ perspective to design in socio-technical systems. We present its application, firstly, to biodiesel production in Germany; secondly, to vehicle-to-grid contracts in a Car as a Power Plant microgrid. We show how using the framework as the core in modelling can contribute to the performance improvement of these systems. Future work will elaborate on the next generation of thermal energy systems, coordination control of microgrids and implementing flexibility through demand response aggregation. Overall, designing solutions to the problems described calls for comprehensive engineers who look beyond the technical design and deal with multi actor socio-political processes including institutional consideration.
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Transmission Policies for Energy Harvesting Sensors Based on Markov Chain Energy Supply
Appears in:
ew 16(8): e4

Authors:
Wenxiang Zhu, Pingping Xu, Maozong Zheng, Guilu Wu, Honglei Wang

Downloads:
570

Abstract:
Due to the small energy harvesting rates and stochastic energy harvesting processes, energy management of energy harvesting senor is still crucial for body network. Transmission polices for energy harvesting sensors with Markov chain energy supply over time varying channels is formulated as an …Due to the small energy harvesting rates and stochastic energy
harvesting processes, energy management of energy harvesting
senor is still crucial for body network. Transmission
polices for energy harvesting sensors with Markov chain energy
supply over time varying channels is formulated as an
infinite discounted reward Markov Decision Problem under
the assumption of geometric distribution of sensors’ lifetime.
In this paper, we firstly propose a low-storage transmission
policy based on probability of successful transmission for
body network. Then we narrow the feasible region of parameters
in our policies from the real domain to a discrete set
with limited number, which makes the method of combing
optimal equations and enumeration algorithm to obtain optimal
parameters workable. Finally, numerical results show
that our presented transmission policies can achieve a good
approximated performance of optimal policies, which can be
derived by policy iteration algorithm. Compared with the
optimal policies, our presented policies has the advantage of
low storage.
more »

Publisher: EAI
ISSN: 2032-944X
Number of Volumes: 6

Last Published: 16th Oct 2019

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web

Ghazanfar Safdar1

Iosif Breido2

Ghazanfar Safdar¹

Iosif Breido²