EAI Endorsed Transactions on Smart Cities

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Smart Cities is an open access, peer-reviewed scholarly journal focused on applications for Smart Cities with leverage on big-data applications, ICT devices used in factory of the future, HPC, industrial processes, energy efficiency systems, social platforms and more. The journal publishes research articles, review articles and editorials with a triannual frequency. Authors are not charged for article submission and processing.

Editor(s)-in-Chief: Henrique Santos and Sara Paiva

Aims & Scope
Indexing
Editors in Chief
Editorial Board
Special Issues

Smart Cities are transforming our urban life with digital technologies, offering new citizen-centric public services, optimizing the usage of resources and reducing the impact of service provisioning on the environment. Cities are too big to ignore, they are at the core of our work and leisure lives, hosting the majority of World's population, and the majority of its innovation infrastructure and assets.

Regarding key fundamental dynamics and mobility issues, many cities continue to grow in world-wide while demographic aging will also create pressure of the costs of running staff-intensive mobility infrastructure. It is necessary to improved performance in basic city management areas starting from smart and sustainable mobility, traffic and road networks, to transport systems, but also considering street cleaning to water management, to sustainable energy and affordable low carbon environments.

Generally, a smart city combines legacy networks and new communication architectures in order to achieve compatibility and interoperability among public administrations, operators, companies and population. Then, it goes beyond the use of ICT to provide new advanced services in diverse business and technological domains, such as urban transports, water supply, disposal facilities, lightning, heat buildings and so on. To this aim, the integration of information and communication systems, sensors and data analytics over different systems and infrastructures of a city is necessary.

Topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

Applications for Smart Cities able to leverage Big-Data Applications, ICT devices used in Factory of the Future, HPC, Industrial Processes, Energy Efficiency Systems, Social Platforms, etc.
Building Trust-based communication and computing systems for IoT and Clouds applications being Secure for Citizens
eHealth applications for Citizens.
Connecting in City Buildings for optimizing resources and utilities.
Software engineering methodology for the design of Smart Cities Systems
Energy Efficient and Green Software-defined Infrastructures aimed at Smart Cities facilities.
Re-allocation of resources and services (independently of their location) across distributed computing and geographically separated data storage and processing infrastructures. Inter-Cities along with Federation Services: availability, Disaster recovery, etc.
Federation of Services (IaaS, PaaS and SaaS) aimed at Public Administrations
Service discovery in Smart Cities - device Discovery and Data Discovery.
Easy and Large Deployment and autonomic management of densely interconnected and decentralised Cloud, Networks and IoTs infrastructures aimed at Smart Cities.
Control Architectures/Network Programmability in Smart Cities aimed at mobility, traffic and road networks, transport systems, energy, economy, and so on.
ICT applications enabling Energy-aware, smart and sustainable mobility solutions for Smart Cities.
Verification/Debugging/ Auditing Tools for all Applications in Smart Cities Domains
Energy-aware and sustainable computing solutions for Smart Cities applications

Call for Papers: Special issue on: Blockchain and Smart Cities (Manuscript Submission deadline: 2020-02-21; Notification of Acceptance: 2020-03-23; Submission of final revised paper: 2020-05-22; Publication of special issue (Tentative): 2020-06-12)

Guest editor: Mr Aqeel Khalique (Department of CSE, Jamia Hamdard, India)

Guest editor: Dr. Imran Hussain (Department of CSE, Jamia Hamdard, India)

Call for Papers: Special issue on: Internet of Everything (IoE) for Smart Cities: Technologies and Applications (Manuscript Submission deadline: 2 March 2020; Notification of Acceptance: 13 April 2020; Submission of final revised paper: 8 June 2020; Publication of special issue (Tentative): 29 June 2020)

Guest editor: Dr. Anand Nayyar (Duy Tan University, Viet Nam)

Call for Papers: Special issue on: Digital Systems for Humans (Manuscript Submission deadline: 30th of September 2020; Notification of Acceptance: 10th of November 2020; Submission of final revised paper: 30th of November 2020; Publication of special issue (Tentative): 20th of December 2020)

Guest editor: Fabien FERRERO (Université Côte d’Azur, France)

Guest editor: Nhan LE THANH (Danang University, Vietnam)

Guest editor: Van Ga BUI (University of Dasang, Vietnam)

Andrea Prati (University of Parma)
Antonio Celesti (Universitá degli Studi di Messina)
Antonio Jara (University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland)
Bin Guo (Northwestern Polytechnical University)
Burak Kantarci (University of Ottawa)
Dhananjay Singh (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, South Korea)
Luca Foschini (University of Bologna)
Marco Zappatore (University of Salento)
Maria Fazio (Universitá degli Studi di Messina)
Philipp Leitner (University of Zurich)
Rajiv Ranjan (Newcastle University)
Yanmin Zhu (Shanghai Jiao Tong University)
Mohd Abdul Ahad (Jamia Hamdard, India)
Sérgio Adriano Fernandes Lopes (University of Minho Portugal)
Gautami Tripathi (School of Engineering Sciences and technology, Jamia Hamdard, India)
Anand Nayyar (Duy Tan University, Viet Nam)
Yuanqing Zheng (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
Nishu Gupta (Vaagdevi College of Engineering, India)

Henrique Santos¹

Henrique M. Dinis Santos received his first degree in Electric and Electronic Engineering, from the University of Coimbra, Portugal, in 1984. In 1996 he received the Ph.D. degree in Computer Engineering, from the University of the Minho, Portugal and the habilitation degree in 2013, by the same institution. Currently, he is an Associate Professor at the Information Systems Department, University of Minho, being responsible for several graduate and postgraduate courses. The research work has been framed within ALGORITMI Research Centre, at the same university, where he is responsible by the supervision of several postgraduate students and the coordination of several R&D projects, mainly in the Information Security area – emphasis on Intrusion Detection, biometrical technologies and Information Security Management – and Computer Architecture area – emphasis on Computer Vision and Cloud Computing. He authored and co-authored several scientific publications in journals, conferences and books within his field of interests and co-authored a patent with an industrial partner, in 2012, in the biometric area. He is also the President of a national Technical Committee (CT 136) for information system security standardization, Vice President for Conferences and Workshops of IEEE Education Society, President of the Portuguese Association for Data Protection (APPD) and integrates frequently advice and scientific committees supporting civil, governmental and military organizations, concerning Information Security subjects. During the second semester of 1990, under an ERASMUS program, he was teaching at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom, where he was recognized as University Academic staff.

Sara Paiva²

Sara Paiva is an Associate Professor at the Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, a PhD in Informatics Engineering from University of Vigo in 2011 and a Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Oviedo since January 2018, under advanced driving assistants and urban mobility. She is the coordinator of a recently created research centre in the Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo. Her main line of research is mobility solutions with a focus on accessibility and social inclusion and has oriented several final projects of Bachelor and Master in her main line of work. She is frequent book editor of Springer and IGI books, has authored and co-authored several scientific publications in journals and conferences, is a frequent reviewer of international journals and international conferences.

1: University of Minho, Portugal
2: Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal

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sc 20(9): e5

Authors:
Silvia Cazacu, Matthias Rauterberg

Published:
5th Feb 2020

Abstract:
This paper explores the following research question: How to make the most of an academic community through norms, culture and practices within the academic environment? Fifteen semi-structured interviews with stakeholders of the Department of Industrial Design (ID) from Eindhoven University of Te…This paper explores the following research question: How to make the most of an academic community through norms,
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A Case Based Reasoning Coupling Multi-Criteria Decision Making with Learning and Optimization Intelligences: Application to Energy Consumption
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sc 20(9): e4

Authors:
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19th Dec 2019

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Application of real-time GIS analytics to support spatial intelligent decision-making in the era of big data for smart cities
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sc 20(9): e3

Authors:
Mbongowo J. Mbuh, Peter Metzger, Peter Brandt, Kelli Fika, Monica Slinkey

Published:
12th Dec 2019

Abstract:
The rapid growth of the urban landscape from natural development, traffic congestion, crime, and waste management has become a challenge to the city dwellers and decision-makers, thus requiring smart and efficient ways to tackle these problems. The combination of big data and Internet of Things (Io…The rapid growth of the urban landscape from natural development, traffic congestion, crime, and waste management has become a challenge to the city dwellers and decision-makers, thus requiring smart and efficient ways to tackle these problems. The combination of big data and Internet of Things (IoT) is guiding local communities in achieving the goal of
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Road Traffic RFID Pedestrians Detecting System for Vehicles
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sc 20(9): e2

Authors:
Michal Balog, Angelina Iakovets, Stella Hrehova

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3rd Oct 2019

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Safe road traffic, clean environment, environmentally friendly vehicles and eco-buildings are components of the world’s vision of immediate future supported by scientists and statesmen. Aspiration for healthy environment and sustainable development of technologies give life for idea of smart cities…Safe road traffic, clean environment, environmentally friendly vehicles and eco-buildings are components of the world’s vision of immediate future supported by scientists and statesmen. Aspiration for healthy environment and sustainable development of technologies give life for idea of smart cities which consist of all these visions towards modern world.
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Oil and Gas supply chain optimization using Agent-based modelling (ABM) integration with Big Data technology
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sc 20(9): e1

Authors:
Jamal Maktoubian, Mehran Ghasempour-Mouziraji, Mohebollah Noori

Published:
3rd Aug 2018

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The worldwide oil & gas industry is one of the world's most complex business networks, and is connected with almost every supply chain branch. It includes international and domestic transportation, materials handling, ordering and inventory visibility and control, import/export facilitation and soc…The worldwide oil & gas industry is one of the world's most complex business networks, and is connected with almost every supply chain branch. It includes international and domestic transportation, materials handling, ordering and inventory visibility and control, import/export facilitation and social network, etc. Traditionally, it has been influenced by big oilfield companies. However, in recent years the industry has been changing into a more heterogeneous and diverse network of businesses, and the oilfields are getting smaller and more diverse. One of the reason could be dwindling the oil reserves and growing specialized companies which are able to extract hydrocarbons; another reason is the restructuring and globalization of the entire business as well as some new technology implementing. Using agent-based modeling and big data technology integrity, we are able to optimize supply chain in oil and gas industries.
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Authors:
Mohamed Amine Madani, Mohammed Erradi, Yahya Benkaouz

Published:
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Analysis of Publicly Available Business E-Data in Slovakia
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sc 18(8): e2

Authors:
Romana Hricová, Stanislav Adamčík

Published:
26th Jun 2018

Abstract:
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A DSPL Design Framework for SASs: A Smart Building Example
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sc 18(8): e1

Authors:
A. Achtaich, N. Souissi, R. Mazo, O. Roudies, C. Salinesi

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26th Jun 2018

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On a Mobile Phone Contact List Based on Social Relations
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Authors:
Pasteur Poda, Rashid Ben Amed Charles Zongo, Ibraima Dagnogo, Theodore Tapsoba

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12th Feb 2018

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An Interactive Adaptive Learning System Based on Agile Learner-Centered Design
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sc 18(7): e5

Authors:
A. Battou, O. Baz, D. Mammass

Published:
12th Feb 2018

Abstract:
Adaptive and interactive Learning concepts has apprehended the interest of educational actors and partners, especially in higher education. However, the implementation of those concepts has faced many challenges, particularly in Interactive Adaptive Learning Systems (IALS). The present paper aims t…Adaptive and interactive Learning concepts has apprehended the interest of educational actors and partners, especially in higher education. However, the implementation of those concepts has faced many challenges, particularly in Interactive Adaptive Learning Systems (IALS). The present paper aims to give the foundation of a framework for an IALS that gives extensive attention at each stage of the design process to the end-user: learners. The system proposed is based on balanced combination of Agile Learning Design and Learner-Centred Design to improve teaching effectiveness, facilitate learning among learners, encourage long life learning and maximize motivation as well as reducing the dropout rate.
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Emulating Vehicular Ad hoc Networks for Evaluation and Testing of Automotive Embedded Systems
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sc 16(2): e2

Authors:
Manuel Schiller, Alois Knoll

Downloads:
760

Abstract:
The evaluation and testing of cooperative applications based on Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) in real testbeds is difficult due to the need for repeatable scenarios and large-scale experiments. Therefore a novel virtualization-based framework is presented to evaluate automotive software in the…The evaluation and testing of cooperative applications based on Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) in real testbeds is difficult due to the need for repeatable scenarios and large-scale experiments. Therefore a novel virtualization-based framework is presented to evaluate automotive software in the context of emulated VANETs. The approach enables the precise and large-scale evaluation of real-world implementations through the synchronized execution of network and vehicle simulators as well as the applications encapsulated in virtual Electronic Control Units. This paper provides a detailed description of the framework's structure and its components as well as an validation of the proposed synchronization algorithm. The performance comparison with pure network simulation indicates that despite additional overhead large-scale experiments can be conducted without loss of accuracy.
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IoT Applications to Smart Campuses and a Case Study
Appears in:
sc 17(5): e4

Author:
D. Minoli

Downloads:
629

Abstract:
Internet of Things (IoT) concepts are now being broadly investigated for actual deployment initiatives. Although ecosystem-wide architectures and standards are still slowly evolving and/or still lacking, some progress is being made; standardization fosters flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and ubiqu…Internet of Things (IoT) concepts are now being broadly investigated for actual deployment initiatives. Although ecosystem-wide architectures and standards are still slowly evolving and/or still lacking, some progress is being made; standardization fosters flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and ubiquitous deployment. Applications range from infrastructure and critical-infrastructure support (for example smart grid, smart city, smart building, and transportation), to end-user applications such as e-health, crowdsensing, and further along, to a multitude of other applications where only the imagination is the limit. This article discusses a specific example of an IoT application supporting Smart Campuses. Smart Campuses are part of a continuum that spans cities at the large-scale end to smart buildings at the small-scale end, and encompass universities, business parks, hospitals, housing developments, correctional facilities, and other real estate environments. The specific Use Case example covered in this article relates to an actual project to automate some key functions at a set of large campuses, but the nature of the campus is not directly revealed. After a review of the applicable IoT and control technologies, this Best Practices article describes technological solutions that were employed to support the requisite control functions and serves as an example for the applicability of IoT to Smart Campus applications.
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Evaluation of LPWAN technology for Smart City
Appears in:
sc 17(6): e3

Authors:
Hussein Mroue, Guillaume Andrieux, Eduardo Motta Cruz, Gilles Rouyer

Downloads:
612

Abstract:
In this paper, we explore technologies for low power wide area networks (LPWAN) serving the Internet of Things (IoT). These networks are ded-icated to long-range and low-speed communication to ensure a good autonomy up to 10 years and a budget link up to tens of kilometers. The performance of two …In this paper, we explore technologies for low power wide area networks (LPWAN) serving the Internet of
Things (IoT). These networks are ded-icated to long-range and low-speed communication to ensure a good autonomy up to 10 years and a budget link up to tens of kilometers. The performance of two LPWA technologies is investigated, where the well known LoRa and Sigfox technologies are evaluated according to their sensitivity to the interference and the impact of the spreading spectrum technique on the receptor sensitivity. Numerical results are presented and discussed.
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Multi Agent System Optimization in Virtual Vehicle Testbeds
Appears in:
sc 16(2): e1

Authors:
Patrick Lange, Rene Weller, Gabriel Zachmann

Downloads:
597

Abstract:
Modelling, simulation, and optimization play a crucial role in the development and testing of autonomous vehicles. The ability to compute, test, assess, and debug suitable configurations reduces the time and cost of vehicle development. Until now, engineers are forced to manually change vehicle…Modelling, simulation, and optimization play a crucial role in the development and testing of autonomous vehicles. The ability to compute, test, assess, and debug
suitable configurations reduces the time and cost of vehicle development.
Until now, engineers are forced to manually change vehicle configurations in virtual testbeds in order to react to inappropriate simulated vehicle performance.
Such manual adjustments are very time consuming and are also often made ad-hoc, which decreases the overall quality of the vehicle engineering process.
In order to avoid this manual adjustment as well as to improve the overall quality of these adjustments, we present a novel comprehensive approach to modelling, simulation, and optimization of such vehicles.
Instead of manually adjusting vehicle configurations, engineers can specify simulation goals in a domain specific modelling language. The simulated vehicle performance
is then mapped to these simulation goals and our multi-agent system computes for optimized vehicle configuration parameters in order to satisfy these goals.
Consequently, our approach does not need any supervision and gives engineers visual feedback of their vehicle configuration expectations.
Our evaluation shows that we are able to optimize vehicle configuration sets to meet simulation goals while maintaining real-time performance of the overall simulation.
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An Open Agent-Based Model to Simulate the Effect of WOM Marketing Campaigns
Appears in:
sc 16(4): e3

Authors:
Paul Leger, Manuela López, Carmen Hidalgo-Alcázar, Hiroaki Fukuda

Downloads:
593

Abstract:
Word-Of-Mouth (WOM) is the opinion of consumers about a product. There is currently a clear trend in the use of WOM to diffuse information about a new product, known as WOM marketing campaigns. Marketing researchers are studying the impact of the different types of these campaigns has. The difficul…Word-Of-Mouth (WOM) is the opinion of consumers about a product. There is currently a clear trend in the use of WOM to diffuse information about a new product, known as WOM marketing campaigns. Marketing researchers are studying the impact of the different types of these campaigns has. The difficulty in getting data and isolating the effect that is analyzed limits the research of marketers in this topic. Lastly, some simulation models based on agents have overcome previous difficulty. However, these models are ad-hoc and specific solutions for every study. This poster proposes an open implementation of an agent-based model to simulate different scenarios of WOM marketing campaigns. Through customizations, this proposal will allow marketing researchers to test WOM marketing campaigns in different scenarios.
more »
Sophisticated Route Calculation Approaches for Microscopic Trafﬁc Simulations
Appears in:
sc 16(2): e3

Authors:
Karl Huebner, Bjoern Schuenemann, Ilja Radusch

Downloads:
583

Abstract:
In order to implement meaningful microscopic traffic simulations, a sophisticated calculation of the vehicle routes is essential. In this paper, different route calculation approaches for microscopic traffic simulators are analysed and compared. Various simulations are performed to detect traffic d…In order to implement meaningful microscopic traffic simulations, a sophisticated calculation of the vehicle routes is essential. In this paper, different route calculation approaches for microscopic traffic simulators are analysed and compared. Various simulations are performed to detect traffic distribution and traffic flow resulting from the used route calculation approaches. To have simulations as realistic as possible, real OD matrices of the city of Fulda (Germany) were used for the evaluation of the different approaches. The results show that simple route calculation algorithms are not appropriate for microscopic traffic simulations. However, approaches that are more sophisticated and that integrate additional heuristics produce good results regarding traffic distribution and traffic flow and can improve iterative techniques to find a user equilibrium.
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Smartphone Application for Self Blood Glucose Monitoring & Disease Management- A Case Report
Appears in:
sc 16(4): e2

Author:
Moshe Kamar

Downloads:
581

Abstract:
Self-management of blood sugar glucose, diet and control of daily activities are crucial in overall management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). In order to better adjust insulin type and dosage, educate for better diet patients are seldom requested to conduct a diary of their glucose measurements …Self-management of blood sugar glucose, diet and control of daily activities are crucial in overall management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). In order to better adjust insulin type and dosage, educate for better diet patients are seldom requested to conduct a diary of their glucose measurements and meals. In today’s era of smartphone widespread use, it has been suggested that using mobile technology for self-blood glucose measurement together with the ability to automatically capture other factors important to control DM, may be an important method for enhancing disease self-management.
The Dario™ device and mobile application, is a self-blood glucose monitoring device using smartphone interface. The application accumulates data of measurements, insulin intake, meals and physical activity. Users are also members of an electronic DM support group. We present a case of a 55 y.o. type 2 DM patient who reported using the device over a year period. The patient baseline HbA1c before using the Dario program was 7.4. He started using the Dario device and application and over a period of one year he managed to gradually reduce HbA1c to 6.2 by keeping his glucose measurements in range from 20% a week to 100%.
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Computational Viability of Fog Methodologies in IoT Enabled Smart City Architectures-A Smart Grid Case Study
Appears in:
sc 18(7): 3

Authors:
Md. Muzakkir Hussain, Mohammad Saad Alam, M.M. Sufyan Beg

Downloads:
575

Abstract:
The gradual evolution in the Information Communication Technology (ICT) support of Smart City (SC) architecture leveraged with meshes of Internet of Things (IoT) creates and welcomes research and investment efforts from academia, R&Ds and policymakers. The IoT utilities are being deployed at eve… The gradual evolution in the Information Communication Technology (ICT) support of Smart City (SC) architecture leveraged with meshes of Internet of Things (IoT) creates and welcomes research and investment efforts from academia, R&Ds and policymakers. The IoT utilities are being deployed at every layers of a typical SG backbone namely Application layer, Energy layer and Communication layer. The geo-distributed clusters of IoT “objects” produce galactic volume of data that exacerbates the need to make a paradigm shift from centralized data center based processing to a hybrid model that supports both in situ as well as cloud based storage and computational resources. To combat such SC issues, Fog Computing (FC) emerges as a promising solution, which pushes the computation resources onto the network edge nodes. This work investigates the high performance of Fog Computing over generic cloud computing in terms of metrics viz. latencies, power consumption etc, through a Smart Grid (SG) use-case. Through an operational cost optimization framework, the work comprehends the suitability of fog methodologies to make a synergistic interplay with the core centered clouds thus empowering a wide breed of real-time and latency free services. Finally, an overview of the core orchestration issues, challenges, and future research directions are presented for FC enabled SCs.
more »
Evaluating urban neighbourhoods in terms of mobility performances, using open data and GPS tracks to assess actual people travel behaviour
Appears in:
sc 17(6): e1

Authors:
Matilde Oliveti, Stefan van der Spek

Downloads:
557

Abstract:
Managing urban areas has become one of the most important development challenges of the 21st century. Building sustainable cities is a major factor nowadays. In this context, the advent of technologies such as GPS (Global Positioning System) and GIS (Geographical Information Systems) enables to bet…Managing urban areas has become one of the most important development challenges of the 21st century. Building sustainable cities is a major factor nowadays. In this context, the advent of technologies such as GPS (Global Positioning System) and GIS (Geographical Information Systems) enables to better address the relationship between urban form and people travel behaviour. Spatial and temporal data can be collected at once, giving an insight into the actual movement
pattern of people. In this paper we make a contribution to the existing literature in mobility and urban studies by
comparing a series of GIS-based neighbourhood indicators with the actual people travel behaviour detected by GPS survey. Information about built environment characteristics is retrieved by OpenStreetMap and other datasets. 10 different neighbourhoods in The Netherlands are compared and in the end the main features that characterize efficient
neighbourhoods in terms of sustainable mobility patterns are identified.
more »
Issues of Hazardous Materials Transport and Possibilities of Safety Measures in the Concept of Smart Cities
Appears in:
sc 16(1): e4

Authors:
Vladimír Adamec, Barbora Schüllerová, Vojtěch Adam, Marek Semela

Downloads:
546

Abstract:
The transportation of goods and supplies is an essential part of maintaining a functioning urban infrastructure. It also involves the transport of dangerous goods. This type of transportation may especially in the urban areas signify a high risk that may significantly damage the critical infrastruc…The transportation of goods and supplies is an essential part of maintaining a functioning urban infrastructure. It also involves the transport of dangerous goods. This type of transportation may especially in the urban areas signify a high risk that may significantly damage the critical infrastructure of the city if there is an accident and leakage of dangerous chemical substances. The aim is, therefore, to minimize the risk and its consequences. The effective instruments are through the identification, analysis and assessment of these risks, searching for critical areas in cities and ensuring the application of prevention and safety measures. Application of risk analysis methods helps to identify the expected and probable risks that can significantly influence the safety of the critical infrastructure. On the other hand, risk analysis methods which can also identify unknown risks with low probability of occurrence are currently being developed. The paper introduces a methodology of assessment of transport risk in cities focusing on reducing the impact of hazard in cities. The risk analysis methods and approaches are subsequently proposed as the initial stage of implementing the selected safety measures. This paper aims to introduce the issue of risks associated with transportation of hazardous substances in cities and to propose measures that are in accordance with the concept of Smart Cities, in order to contribute to the creation of a functional communication network, traffic flow in cities and increasing the security of critical infrastructure.
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Publisher: EAI
ISSN: 2518-3893
Number of Volumes: 4

Last Published: 5th Feb 2020

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Smart Cities

Henrique Santos1

Sara Paiva2

Henrique Santos¹

Sara Paiva²