Analyzing LoRaWAN's Challenges and Future Integration for Disaster Management

Traditional communication infrastructures are highly susceptible to disruption during disasters, leading to severe communication breakdowns in emergency response operations. Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs), particularly LoRaWAN, therefore emerged as a promising alternative due to their long-range connectivity, low-power consumption, and capability for rapid ad-hoc deployment. Nevertheless, LoRaWAN’s ALOHA-based medium access introduces a conflict between its best-effort design and the mission-critical reliability demanded in emergency scenarios. This review systematically examines five case studies in industrial monitoring, fire detection, flood surveillance, and search and rescue (SAR) applications to identify the core challenges in practical LoRa deployments. The research results indicate that the reliability of LoRa is highly dependent on non-standard network architecture, optimized physical layer configuration, and environmental conditions. Scalability remains the primary constraint; a mass-alert event can trigger severe packet collisions and network instability. Bandwidth limitations also restrict LoRa to low-rate data, making high-throughput media infeasible. Therefore, Lora can serve as a stable foundation for emergency communications only through integration with 5G core infrastructures to ensure system-level reliability and through AI/ML-driven optimization to enhance energy and network efficiency.