Evaluating Scientific Literacy Through Competency Aspects of the PISA 2025 Framework: A Focus on Climate Change

Scientific literacy is a critical competency for preparing students to engage with real-world issues, especially global challenges such as climate change. The PISA 2025 framework redefines scientific literacy by emphasizing competency aspects, namely: explaining phenomena scientifically, evaluating and designing scientific inquiry, and interpreting data and evidence scientifically. This study aimed to evaluate students' scientific literacy based on these competency aspects within the context of climate change. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed. Data were collected through a scientific literacy test aligned with PISA 2025 indicators, as well as questionnaires, interviews, and classroom observations. The average scientific literacy score was 68.82%, categorized as moderate. Students’ distribution across PISA proficiency levels was as follows: Level 1 (1.28%), Level 2 (7.69%), Level 3 (17.95%), Level 4 (34.62%), Level 5 (32.05%), and Level 6 (6.41%). Internal factors influencing scientific literacy, including motivation and self-efficacy, had an average score of 71.75%, while external factors such as learning environment and teacher support scored 71.07%, both in the moderate category. These findings indicate that although many students reached intermediate to high competency levels, the application of contextual, issue-based, and inquiry-oriented instructional strategies remains essential.