Research Article
Integrating digital twins into smart city infrastructure: enhancing urban planning through real-time data analytics
@ARTICLE{10.4108/dtip.9783, author={Olha Prokopenko and Jos\^{e} Machado and Artem Koldovskiy and Marina J\aa{}rvis and Anna Chechel and Tetiana Skibina}, title={Integrating digital twins into smart city infrastructure: enhancing urban planning through real-time data analytics}, journal={EAI Endorsed Transactions on Digital Transformation of Industrial Processes}, volume={1}, number={4}, publisher={EAI}, journal_a={DTIP}, year={2026}, month={2}, keywords={digital twin technology, smart city infrastructure, urban planning efficiency, real-time data analytics, panel fixed-effects model, governance quality, infrastructure investment}, doi={10.4108/dtip.9783} }- Olha Prokopenko
José Machado
Artem Koldovskiy
Marina Järvis
Anna Chechel
Tetiana Skibina
Year: 2026
Integrating digital twins into smart city infrastructure: enhancing urban planning through real-time data analytics
DTIP
EAI
DOI: 10.4108/dtip.9783
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Digital twin technology is at the head of smart city innovations; rapid urbanization and the rising complexity of infrastructure management have driven this technology. Real time virtual replicas of the physical urban systems - digital twins - simulate urban scenarios, monitor conditions, and improve resource allocation more accurately than ever before. Rigorous empirical studies that quantify the impact of these technologies on the efficiency of urban planning are rare, curbing evidence-based policy making and large-scale adoption strategies. OBJECTIVES: This study estimates a panel fixed effects econometric model that quantifies the impact of integrating digital twins on urban planning performance of five European countries (Estonia, Germany, Portugal, the UK, Poland) over the period of 2020–2024. METHODS: Using data from the OECD Smart Cities database, the European Commission Urban Data Platform, the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators, and national municipal APIs, annual data were assembled on a composite urban efficiency index, a digital twin integration score, real time data usage, per capita infrastructure investment, governance quality metrics, and population density. The model employs city and time fixed effects and addresses heteroskedasticity and serial correlation with clustered robust standard errors. RESULTS: The efficiency index of Germany improved from 53,52 in 2020 to 62,57 in 2024; Poland from 45,51 to 58,73; and Estonia dropped sharply from 70,22 to 39,44. Coefficients on digital twin integration (β₁ = 12,00) and governance quality (β₄ = 8,00) are positive and statistically significant. Real-time data use (β₂ = 0,08) and infrastructure investment (β₃ = 0,004) increase efficiency, while population density has a slight negative effect (β₅ = –0,005). CONCLUSION: This underscores the importance of the network and governance relationships of digital twins in realizing their potential. Future research should include non-European cities, apply spatial econometric techniques to account for intercity spillovers, and use dynamic panel models to assess feedback loops from past efficiency gains and their influence on future technology investment.
Copyright © 2026 Olha Prokopenko et al., licensed to EAI. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BYNC-SA 4.0, which permits copying, redistributing, remixing, transformation, and building upon the material in any medium so long as the original work is properly cited.
