Share Withholding in Blockchain Mining

Cryptocurrency achieves distributed consensus using proof of work or PoW. Prior research in blockchain security identified financially incentivized attacks based on withholding blocks which have the attacker compromise a victim pool and pose as a PoW contributor by submitting the shares (earning credit for mining) but withholding the blocks (no actual contributions to the pool). We advance such threats to generate greater reward advantage to the attackers while undermining the other miners and introduce the share withholding attack (SWH). SWH withholds shares to increase the attacker’s reward payout within the pool, in contrast to the prior threats withholding blocks focusing on the inter-pool dynamics. SWH rather builds on the block-withholding threats in order to exploit the information about the impending block submission timing, challenging the popularly established assumption that the block submission time is completely random and unknown to miners. We analyze SWH’s incentive compatibility and the vulnerability scope by identifying the critical systems and environmental parameters which determine the attack’s impact. Our results show that SWH yields unfair reward advantage at the expense of the protocol-complying victim miners and that a rational miner will selfishly launch SWH to maximize its reward profit. We inform the blockchain and cryptocurrency research of the SWH threat to facilitate further research and development to secure the blockchain consensus protocol.