A Methodical Plan Towards Smart Economy in New Egyptian Cities

INTRODUCTION: Initial patterns of urbanization world demonstrate differing scenarios in different continents, requiring diverse methodologies, policies, and strategies. The information & communication technology (ICT) leads to the development of the city management and smart economy which does not adhere to borders and nationalities. The Egyptian economy passed through various stages of development in the last few years, the government policy has National Egyptian initiatives towards the Smart Economy. OBJECTIVES: Stand on the structure of the smart economy to draw the path for Egypt's local economy to evaluate the existing economic state and conclude to a guiding methodology towards the smart economy in new Egyptian cities. METHODS: Analytical approach to investigate "concepts, the smart economy as a pillar of smart city, urban entities, examples of smart economy projects around the world". Cross-analysis between national governmental initiatives in Egypt to support the smart economy and some development indicators in the new cities. RESULTS: The difference in the locations, inhabitants' nature of new cities, requires various and varied approaches to process towards the smart economy. CONCLUSION: The research proposes an adaptation methodical plan for developing the smart economy concept in New Egyptian cities, this plan depends on the constants, variables, policies on both national & local levels.


Introduction
It is the time of a global urban transition; cities are reflected as the main forms of achievements in human civilization over the ancient and modern history, and the location of economic activities. At present, cities are the source of goods production and services for both internal and external consumption. Cities embody a sense of innovation -all aided by the incessant technological progress that man develops every day. Today's city is a high-speed communication hub with a complicated Reham M. Hafez

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The concept of the smart city is based on a municipality that uses information and communication technologies to improve the quality of government services, increase operational efficiency, and share information with the public. The UK Department for Business, Innovation, and Skills (BIS) defines the term smart cities as: "a management process, in which increased citizen engagement, infrastructure, social capital, and digital technologies make cities more livable, resilient and rise its ability to face challenges" [4]. The British Standards Institute (BSI) defines the smart city as "the active integration of physical, digital and human systems in the built environment to realize the better future for its residents [5]. The smart economy is one of the main pillars of the smart city.

Research Methodology
 The study depends on an analytical approach to investigate the concept & aspects of the smart economy focusing on its applied projects and urban utility.  Related reviews of the literature of the smart economy (definition & structure) were collected. An Inductive analysis approach of plans and projects was reported from the smart cities around the world in an attempt to draw the path in which how the city's economics can be transformed into smart.  Cross-Analysis between the Egyptian national initiatives towards the smart economy and the local development in new cities to evaluate the current situation.  A Methodical Plan Towards Smart Economy in New Egyptian Cities is suggested as a result of the evaluation of the current situation.

The smart economy concepts, definitions.
The smart economy, in general, is the concept which concerns with the knowledge economy, where innovation and technologies are well-thought-out as the main sources of powerful force [6]. There are many approaches to illustrate the structure of the smart economy such as:  Smart Economy is a concept of how to realize the best for the existing and future generations at the same time, through policies that encourage innovation and creativity combined with scientific research, higher technology, and care for the environment. [7]  It is a multidimensional concept, described by three unified dimensions: economic, social and physical. Economic: as there are innumerable opportunities and economic resources, allowing all groups in society to obtain a good income to achieve a good standard of living. [8] Social: the smart economy provides the best health and education standards that enable an individual to build his capabilities intelligently and effectively Physical: where the smart economy enables the individual to take advantage of his capabilities in achieving self and community development.  The Smart economy uses networks to organize the innovation clusters and shared cooperation between enterprises, research centers, and the citizens to sustainable development. [9]  Smart economy supports the enterprise through the expenditure of human resources (knowledge, skills, and creativeness), changing thoughts into valuable practices, products, and services [10] 3.2 The smart economy as the main pillar of smart city Smart City System consists of six pillars: (i) smart people, (ii) smart city economy, (iii) smart mobility, (iv) smart environment, (v) smart living, and (vi) smart governance. Each one of these pillars has its characteristics to contribute to the smart city system and closely interlinked with the others. The research illustrates it in the following

Smart environment
Smart living Smart governance (1) Protects and values the natural heritage, unique natural resources, biodiversity, and environment.
(2) Is attractive and has a strong sense of place that is rooted in its natural setting.
(3) Conserves the ecological system in the city region. (4) Embraces and sustains biodiversity in the city region.  (1) Has practices of transparent decision (2) uses & operates through intelligent technologies and spatial data to make the decisions.
(3) Constantly innovates e-governance for the benefit of all its residents. (4) Has the ability to deliver public services in an efficient and effective way. (5) Has a participatory vision from the society in, planning, budgeting, Implementation. (6) Works in the aim of sustainable urban development strategy

The linkage between the smart city pillars.
From these main pillars, we can summarize the main keywords for a smart city in the opposite Fig.  1, we can determine what the smart city should offer to its citizens: An adaptable, accessible, reliable, scalable, and resilient way for living, such as: ■ Good quality of life for its residents. ■Sustainable economic growth with different job opportunities. ■ The easy life of access to social and community services. ■ Create a sustainable environmental approach to development. ■ Ensure efficient service and infrastructure such as water supply, public transportation, drainage, communication support, and other utilities; ■ Resilient to climate change and environmental matters. ■ Provide effective controlling and local governance tools ensuring impartial policies. So the smart economy is the main core of the smart city. It drivers the city initiatives, determining the degree of economic competitiveness through innovation, entrepreneurship, brands, productivity, labour market flexibility, as well as integration between the local and global markets.

Urban basis entities & projects for the smart economy
The urban society illustrates the structure of the smart economy as a developed urban area that creates a better quality of life through sustainable economic development, using human resources, social capital. Many Urban entities can support the smart economy; the research will list examples in this field in the following lines:

1.Smart creative industry
The smart creative industry reconnoitres smart solutions using intellectual technologies, to optimize the industrial operations towards an optimal value chain. It has: technologies and Therefore, the Smart City ideas are the capitalization of ideas and skills of city development. And it is built by governance in different degrees and also by different associations and technological interpretation.

2.Clean and green industries
Green Industries is an economic activity that aims to minimize its effect on our environment, so it ropes the green economy to decrease giving out to air, water, and soil from the industry. The Green Industries endorses the globular economy, resource efficiency and the conservation of natural resources. [11] 3.Free trade zone -special economic zone FTZs are established to speed up development by creating a highly business environment and encourage foreign investment. The idea of a free trade zone is a custom of the hubs countries which invest their outstanding location to attract businesses through cost advantages and preferential treatment. They, thus, contribute to the change of the national economy as a whole. It moves on from being a labour-intensive economy to skills and technology-intensive one.

4.Smart E-commerce and shopping
Electronic commerce is the transaction of goods or services over computer networks, mostly social media channels and the internet. E-commerce stages provide people with e-commerce software and services, through different technological devices such as funds transfer, digital marketing, mobile banking, mobile commerce, internet marketing, supply chain management, electronic data exchange, record management systems, and automated data collection systems. These services help to reduce the time of delivery after automatic payment is made, which ranges from a few hours to many working days.

5.Smart real estate
A smart real estate is a platform for managing the process of real estate trading and dealings with numerous solutions anywhere and anytime. The new platform allows complete operations of displaying and sale of real estate utilities using internet browsers and smart devices, so it's comprehensive numerical management of real estate dealing, excluding paper documents and decreasing brokerage procedures.

6.A Smart Work Centre (SWC)
It is an office centre within the closeness sites of a residential community, which provides space to citizens in an individual or a group work setting, through the use of IT technologies and multiple applications. The local community can get daily needs as child daycare, high-end catering services, financial services, supplemented by good access to highways and public transport. So the benefits of a smart work center are : (1)Provide the citizens with a physical workspace close to their residence, resulting in minimize transportation demands and achieve good productivity. (2)Support and help local citizens in the local community. (3) Gathering employers can provide their workers with flexible working space options.

Examples of different economic projects in smart cities around the world
According to the previous Urban basis entities, the research has collected examples of different economic projects that have been applied in smart cities around the world as illustrated in Table 2. reinventing the first gaming platform by transforming the generated energy into lights, (4) Thousands of businesses, households, and Job opportunities through (1) pick up garbage, along with solar panels powering bus stops (2) Energy-efficient roofing insulation, automatically lowering light switches, smart meters, and ultra-low energy LED lights.

Amsterdam
(1) Combined solar panels: Tokyo's corporate collaborations have generated homes with storage batteries, and energy-efficient applications connected to a smart grid.
(2) control of over 100 train lines and transporting upwards of 14 billion passengers per year Tokyo (1) The Investment Map: It's a combined application that can be used by businessmen, developers, Citizens, Visitors can do real estate best practices through clever real estate market applications : Enable the investors to access many investment project opportunities through their smart devices.  Allows complete process of displaying and sale of real estate from start to finish using Internet browsers and smart devices (Android, IOS). Allows developers to propose their projects to concerned investors from all over the world.  The investment Map project was implemented by Google Inc. performs

Dubai
Based on the previous section, the needed essential projects for the smart economy in cities distributed according to City -District -Neighbourhood were concluded as shown in Fig. 2.

Egypt sustainable development strategy
Egypt has economic growth, averaging 3%-5% from 2016 to 2019 [12]. Egypt has adopted an Neighbourhood District City A Methodical Plan Towards Smart Economy in New Egyptian Cities EAI Endorsed Transactions on Smart Cities 07 2020 -08 2020 | Volume 4 | Issue 12 | e1 investment policy as the main key to economic growth. The investment policy depends on reducing obstacles to how international companies invest and run in Egypt, which enhance employment opportunities and increase Egypt's competitive power across the region.
Main challenges faced Egypt throughout the past few years as follow:  [13]. The density of Egypt as a whole is 84 people / square kilometers. Cairo has a heavy density of 46,349 per kilometer square. Overall, Egypt ranks 126th in the world in terms of population density [14]. A majority of the population survives on the sides of the Nile River, in an area of 40,000 square kilometers. Cairo, Alexandria, and Giza are the three largest cities in the country.

2.Lack of clear sustainable policy to allow utilizing human resources in a way that would contribute to human development.
These vital problems were the incentive to do this research, where Egypt needs to make changes to systems, infrastructure, and economic progress to achieve the benefits of the development. Citizens need a decent quality of life; this includes main keywords sufficient freshwater; worldwide access to domestic energy, the ability to mobile efficiently from one point to another; a sense of safety and security.
Egypt economics had faced what may seem to be conflicting objectives. Due to the instability of political conditions through the 30 years ago, so there's a vital need to restore economic permanence to achieve better standards of living with more job opportunities, less poverty, well health and education systems. These are the main reasons why people ran to the streets in 2011. At the same time, there's a long-standing need to reduce budget deficits, public obligation and inflation, and adequate foreign exchange funds.
Egypt launched in 2016 the country's sustainable development strategy for the next 15 years intending to raise Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth to 12 percent in 2030, up from the 4.2 percent attained last fiscal year, while reducing the budget deficit to 2.28 percent from 11.5 percent. The sustainable developing strategy incorporates economic, social, and environmental dimensions in addition to knowledge and innovations,".
[15], In conjunction with that Egypt's ICT 2030 Strategy concentrates on the dimensions of sustainable development, with three pillars: The economic pillar: highpoints economic development, transparency and efficiency of governmental organizations, energy, and investment. There are pilot programs (business setup -boost a business -market access-skills development -support services -invest in Egypt). The social pillar: highlights education and training, health, culture, and social justice. The environmental pillar: focuses on the environment and urban challenges. [16]

National Egyptian initiatives towards the Smart Economy
The government of Egypt has launched the main programs to achieve the strategic targets through three main goals, namely; economic development, the competitiveness of markets and human capital. These programs seek to:

Law 15 of the year 2004 -Information
Technology Industry Development Agency-is considered the first step of the technological support of governmental entities. This low aims to floor the way for the transmission of the e-business services in Egypt capitalizing on different decrees of the authority as activating the Egyptian e-signature law and supporting an exportoriented IT sector in Egypt. The research presents and evaluates in the following section - Table 3. -various government initiatives and its effects for supporting the pillars of smart economy.

Results
 The new cities in Egypt have attracted investments through the last 30 years, so they have created a lot of job opportunities through their industrial zones which are considered one of the key sectors that supports the economy and national production.  The Egyptian government is moving towards the digital transformation with quick steps although the knowledge and technology sector is still nascent, it is supported by government initiatives at the national level.  There are no trails to settle the ideas of the smart economy at the local levels in new cities.  The difference in the locations, inhabitants' nature of new cities, requires various and varied approaches to process towards the smart economy.

6.Recommendations
-Each new Egyptian city has a special nature in terms of Location, population, and economic base. Due to the nature of the smart economy which depends on the use of human Capital-knowledge, skills, creativity, and natural resources, each city needs a special integrated plan which can take it towards the smart economy. -That local communities in Egypt need an intermediate link that can be identified as smart economy& technology companies. This new sector can be used to create economic bases for cities whose development has not specific economic bases such as the cities of Zayed and El Shorouk and demonstrates programs and projects of the smart economy that can be applied in the other cities according to their economic bases. -Setting an executive framework for applying smart economy programs & projects within new cities developing plans through the participation of individuals and the private sector. -Providing urban and technological entities to support the transition towards smart which Integrates with the economic base of the city.
The research proposes an adaptation methodical plan for developing the smart economy concept in New Egyptian cities illustrated in the following Fig. 3

The Frame work
Understand the needs of the city

The Assessment
Assess the issue to be addressed

The Tools
Present the solution and support implementation of social